Strengths And Weaknesses Of Communication, Teamwork, And...

I have some weaknesses and strengths in regards to communication, teamwork, and social intelligence. I am weak at; †¢ Supporting others with their needs †¢ Active listening †¢ Being sympathetic towards others situations †¢ Not interrupting others Some of my strengths are; †¢ I can analyze and understand other people’s emotions very easily †¢ I have a high social and emotional intelligence †¢ I can control my actions to the point of being great at poker †¢ I can communicate easily through the written language †¢ I can put my thoughts in a logical sequence when writing †¢ I’m very natural at leading people and drawing out peoples opinions †¢ I’m good at public speaking and enjoy drawing peoples into what I’m talking about. My plan of action in order to work on my weaknesses is first and foremost practice my active listening. I am very easily distracted (literally ADD), so for me listening is a very hard task to do especially if I’m not that interested in what the other person has to say. I need to practice active listening more. I believe my biggest weakness for active listening is I always try to put my two cents in. Sometimes people just want to be heard. I’m very opinionated so it’s hard for me to understand that people don’t want my opinion. My next big weakness for active listening is not paying attention or discarding what people have to say. In a group work environment not paying attention to what others say is one of the worst things that you can do. I think that evenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Emotions On Decision Making1313 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional intelligence (EQ) will be provided. Additionally, how I would ascribe to each of these attributes whi le making decisions will be discussed. 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Essay on Cyber Terrorism - 1167 Words

Cyber Terrorism Thus far we have scratched the surface of the ever-perplexing problem of terrorism. As it has evolved those in the position of countering it have also gained some valuable experience. Even with this knowledge it is very difficult, bordering on impossible to prevent terrorist acts from occurring. In the recent past there has been an extra element added to this confusing and dangerous equation, the Internet and other computer capabilities. Cyber-terrorism is a realistic possibility but is it as detrimental as other forms of conventional terrorism such as a car bomb? I will argue that the implications of a cyber attack could be just as harmful. Traditionally terrorist acts target a specific locale and are executed†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, the only tools needed for cyber-terror are the proper knowledge and a powerful computer. One of the key elements of terrorism is the creation of mass fear. This takes little effort with the use of computers. So many people are already intimidated by the efficacies of computers that the simplest cyber act could infuse a massive scare. Take for example the spreading of a virus. As soon as the word is out that a virus has been detected people take all possible actions to ensure that their files and data are protected. Taking this action to a higher level, if someone were to put a virus through a bank mainframe or something even bigger than that, then the general public would be afraid to make transactions over the computer and would return to doing business in person. The concern related to cyber-terrorism is warranted although we have been lucky thus far not to have experienced firsthand anything devastating. In summary, cyber-terrorism opens opportunities for terrorists by expanding the arena and through the mass dependency on computers. So what leads me to believe that a cyber- terrorist attack could be just as harmful as conventional terrorism? There are a few reasons which lead me to this conclusion. First of all, other forms of terrorism have been seen often enough to determine to some extent what to expect. Granted there are no guaranteed results of a conventional attack there areShow MoreRelatedCyber Terrorism1716 Words   |  7 PagesBank of America was the victim of a cyber terrorism attack; although no definitive evidence is available to substantiate that claim.   Cyber terror attacks pose a threat against the national security of the United States. In order to fully comprehend the threat that cyber terrorism poses, it is essential to understand the background, the effects, the reality of the threat and the future of cyber terrorism. This assessment examines the reality of the cyber terrorism threat, and also questions its validityRead MoreCyber Terror And Cyber Terrorism1843 Words   |  8 PagesCyber terrorism has brought and created a big threat to the society especially to the developed worlds. The threat has become so severe that it has captured the attention of th e media, security system and the information industry. Cyber terrorists attack their target electronically and needless to say that it endangers life it is also a national security threat. Since most of the infrastructure in the western worlds are computerized and networked, the threat is real and poses a great risk. Just likeRead MoreCyber Security And Terrorism : Terrorism1521 Words   |  7 Pages9:30am-10:45am October 4, 2016 Cyber Security Terrorism In the 21st century, humans continue to advance technology at an incredibly fast rate, which also indicates we become more dependent of the technology. Keep in mind, with more technology being available, new threats emergeï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿Ã¯ » ¿ constantly in the cyber-world. Everyday society seems to be integrating digitally more and more, meaning the US s infrastructure may be susceptible to attacks. Little is known about America s Cyber Security defenses, if anyRead MoreIntroduction to Cyber Terrorism2287 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction to Cyber Terrorism: Cyber Terrorism is an attack executed by Cyber Terrorists via information systems to significantly interfere with the political, social or economic functioning of a groups or organizations of a nation or induces physical violence and creates panic. We define hackers as individuals who wish to access, modify data, files and resources without having the necessary authorization to do so, and/or wish to block services to authorized users. Cyber Terrorists are individualsRead MoreCyber-War and Cyber-Terrorism Defined2092 Words   |  8 PagesCyber-War and Cyber-Terrorism Defined In order to properly answer the question posed we must first define what cyber-war and cyber-terrorism are. 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As a result national security was not important, this changed post World War II. The United States found themselves among the top, overnight they went from being new and not listened to, to becoming one of the major players in the world

International Retail Banking Bank of America

Questions: ScenarioIn January 2010, Head of Bank of America Corporation's (BoA) Digital Marketing group was discussing the bank's mobile strategy with the senior vice president, Mobile Product Development of BoA. BoA launched mobile banking in 2007 and within three years it had 4 million active customers. This success prompted line-of-business managers to request the executives of Digital Marketing Group and Mobile Product Development to include more functionality in the bank's mobile app that were specific to their businesses such as credit cards and mortgages. Thus the executives had to decide how to leverage the mobile platform for various businesses of the bank without creating confusion or increasing complexity for the average retail consumers. Recognizing the potential impact mobile technology could have on the entire banking industry, they also had to decide on how to position BoA's mobile banking in the long run.Question 1Considering the scenario regarding BoA, discuss the growth of mob ile banking among retail banking customers both in the developed markets of the US and UK and emerging markets like China, India and Brazil. Your discussion should throw light on the awareness and expectations of the average banking customer in these countries with respect to the available applications and usage regarding mobile banking. Do not forget to consider and discuss the issues and challenges with respect to compliance and governance that may arise with the development of these mobile banking applications.(Hint: Wherever possible, please support your analysis with relevant examples, cases, academic / practitioner references and graphs / flow-charts.)Question 2Identify and discuss the problems in the risk-based capital approach suggested in Basel II by the Bank of International Settlement (BIS) to measuring capital adequacy among the banks. In their discussion, students should focus on the increased importance of cash reserve ratio as an important funding source to meet the d aily requirements of day-to-day banking and catering retail depositors especially during the time of financial crisis. Answer: Introduction A business model is characterized by large customer base, accounts and transactions, various products and services, reliance on technology, better pricing, and profitability. There is a massive level of cooperation between banks, retailers, business and consumers and scope for cross-selling to increase per customer revenue is known as retail banking (Sethuraman, 2015). In short it is focused on customer's money and management. Digital retail banking, on other hand does not compromise of brick and mortar banking but different branch networks with digitalization - mobile connections, Internet users, broadband penetration, smartphone penetration, tablet penetration, daily communication via digital channels, purchase relevant information from digital sources, first time purchasers via digital channels (rolandberger.com, 2015). Digital retail marketing offers the customer a base for online trading on four fundamental parameters- Product, Process, People, and Technology to realize its business objectives. It is perceived that customer satisfaction with product quality was the prime driver and service delivery factors varied considerably (Chavan and Ahmad, 2013). 1. Growth In developed and developing countries in terms of mobile (retail) banking customers under the scenario of Bank of America Corporations (BoA). Retail banking is stirred by something big across the world. There are bold bets on new digital technologies that are experiencing fundamental changes in the customer base resulting in their satisfaction and retention. Most banks are investing heavily on smartphones apps and tablets to conduct a wide range of banking activities. Attractive interactive tools are developed so that the customer analyses their spending habits and fortify their money management skills (Vater, et al., 2012). In today's date, it is hard to find a bank that does not provide online banking but in sometime this statement would be for mobile banking. The vision of banks for their digital channels can be analyzed by five years forecast done by Wipro Efma showing the vision for digital channels. It can be demonstrated in the figure below; Source: (Efma Digital Channels Survey, 2013) With the help of digital channels, it is production data regarding more profile customers, understanding the needs and target these customers in smaller segments with relevant offers (Pearson and Sundarrajan, 2013). Growth of mobile banking The current economic scenario gives banks an opportunity to identify their channels that are most relevant to the customer. Banks are shifting their trends from high-cost channels to low cost channels. Hence, reducing the total cost. There is a growing interest to make their communications channel agnostic, and this will help the banks to narrow down their channels by providing right product to the right customer. Today, the shift has changed to mobile banking for enhancing customer experience and reducing the overall cost of operations (Kanchan, 2012). Bank Behavior and its influence on customer loyalty There is a mass appeal for mobile banking. There is the rise in usage of developing countries like China and Indonesia. The growth of mobile has cut in branch as well as online usage. The respondents of mobile usage are expected from a young customer (who are less than 35 years of age) than older customers to bank via mobile devices banking. Therefore, mobile banking grew regarding all ages. Respondents most essentially turned to bank's website for help, followed by bank employees, direct mail and other websites. Almost half of the customers followed a combination of mobile and online banking to physical channels (Toit and Burns, 2014). United Statess The concept of mobile banking is there in many developing countries but the same cannot be said for United States. In recent years, some of the largest United States banks are following the Return to Retail' mantra. This is the stark contrast when in 1990s United States wanted to diversify their possibilities. The 2005 annual report stated their growing interest in retail and their confidence in the model to uptake many retail initiatives (Sethuraman, 2015). Also, mobile banking in US has followed a well-defined banking and payment system. U.S. consumers have benefitted from many mobile payment systems, so the need for mobile banking is negligible in United States. The advantage of financial institutions is to add value to depository customer services while adding together the customer retention benefits. They want to stay at the central position in a client account relationship, even if it comes to applications on a mobile device as they do physically in a branch. The demand of mobile technology by the customer is very high, but when it comes to mobile payments, it is uncertain as they lack experience. The consumers in United States have many choices for safe and secure payments but adding a mobile payment application should include new feature and value. The expectation of customers in payment should be convenient, inexpensive and reliable (Contini et al., 2011). The long term idea of a mobile system ecosystem is accompanied by business models, other components of moble expenses operating structure with guidelines and with potential to make or secure remote expenses and authenticating payments by means of card or internet. The future has been viewed as when the mobile phone becomes a consumer's wallet and provides a flawless customer experience. Therefore, mobile payments leverage a set of common standards and open platforms to guarantee its operatability. The future framework operated as mobile payments can be used anywhere in form of all card (debit, credit and prepaid) networks as well as ACH (Automated Clearing House) that works across all barriers and are recognized across all borders by all POS (Point of Sale) terminals. Hence a collaborative yet satisfactory business model can be seen as According to the above model, all these networks play into a model for retail mobile banking concerning mobile payments. Therefore, a successful ecosystem requires technology standards, coordination, and structure with industrially accepted formats. The format which will help in mobile banking are as Consumers Open Wallet. Platform for existing clearing settlement channels in mobile networks. Dynamic data substantiation for long term security and reliability carried out in all transactions. Leveraged existing standards for all adopted methods. Clarity in regulation- The mobile transactions will cross many layers of multiple regulatory agencies such that the need to understand the oversight regimen of each agency in the mobile payments environment. It has to be viewed by all parties as the need assigned to a workgroup[ to identify regulation gaps with sustaining resources beyond the MPIW membership. Mangers should be trusted for the provision of shared security. The ideas mentioned here are for success in U.S. mobile payments are not featural for any single member as they highlight the shared view of participants. Therefore, these measures in United States will help in creating a more sustainable and efficient economic system through partnership and sharing. United Kingdom Like United States, United Kingdom also has broadened its mobile banking facilities and customers have begin to access online services through their mobile and banks have started offering banking apps on smartphones and tablets. The central services typically provided are: Account balance checking services Transfer of money and payment services Loan requests Service locators for ATMs Personalized alert The recent developments can be done on withdrawal of ATM cash with a smartphone and using Touch ID' biometric fingerprint attribute. One can also send payments using Twitter handle as a function in the retail banking app in mobile phone. According to the proportion of bank customers using mobile banking in U.K. and U.S. are explained from 2011-2014 in the bar chart below. Source: (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2015). According to the relation between U.K and U.S, both countries show rapid growth changes in the past years though the usage remains in minority. In 2015, it was estimated that there were 8 million more downloads as compared to last years and the user log in was 10.5 million a day in U.K. (The Impact Of Innovation in the UK Retail Banking Market, 2015). A recent survey showed how, retail mobile banking has impacted their lives feeling mobile banking app has resulted in controlling their finances on following reasons. Source: (ING,2015) Customer switching behavior has been evident, but the customer rating is still substantially low than other channels. Therefore, interviews have suggested that that mobile banking apps will be more used as a strategy for customer retention than customer acquisition. According to U.K. scenario, it is said that innovation in technology has been simulated so swiftly that the inducement fore the new customers have been undermined (The Impact Of Innovation in the UK Retail Banking Market, 2015). Example, the migrant customers send money to their families in remote villages. Hence, the global remittance market is large as well. But currently the remittance offered to these customers is illegal, unreliable, slow and expensive. Rural customers thereby are needed for managing their cash flow as well as their money (Gupta, 2013). The mobile maturity road map provides for 4 stages: The managed service mobility develops, manages and tests mobility on different platforms to leverage a cost of the saving model for the customer and sizeable deliveries in a distinctive environment (uk.capegemini.com, 2015). Today U.K. has to focus on a dual strategy that is as much about renewing and retaining the old customers already like as it is attracting new customers by adding new features and capabilities (Surti, 2015). Today, U.K. has the highest rate of mobile banking adoption. When it comes to smartphone, the penetration rate is much high but the innovation is slow as compared to other countries like Turkey. Also, the age demographic is skewed towards the young users; there is high potential of mobile banking becoming a significant feature in the times to come (Temiz and KINAY, 2015). Developing Countries like China, India and Brazil In developing countries, the mobile and wireless market has been one of the most developing markets in the world and it is still growing at a fast pace. Over the years, services offered by mobile banking includes Transferring funds, Managing deposits, Account information, Sending of chequebook request and so on (Vinayagamoorthy, et al., 2012). In relation with U.S. and U.K., developing countries show surprised figure for mobile adoption rates in terms of mobile banking. Source: (KPMG, 2015) In all developing countries, the branch experience is not so pleasant because of crowd and long queues. Though, India holds more banks as compared to United States as of 2013. Hence, when it comes to being a better indicator in expected banking experience, all developing countries loses their hold in front of United Staes when compared with population (Kvederis, 2015). But on the other hand, many people still resort to old and traditional technology. As far as Brazilian market is concerned, though the figures show increase in mobile penetration in the economy in 2015 but due to its infancy in the infrastructure of broadband and handset technology, it is an immediate priority for financial institutions to directly transform non-internet users to mobile banking users (Cruz et al., 2010). Hence, in countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, China, India and Philippines where there is better infrastructure believe that mobile users have not fully exploited the data potentials in their mobile phones. The most influential factor in China still prevails with perceived usefulness of face-to-face communication with bank staff. However, social media in the mobile banking sector is still not considered to be trustworthy as compared to mass channels. The practical implications can be applied to bank staff where it can efficiently appropriate communication policies to change the consumer decision regarding mobile banking (Tran and Corner, 2015). The mobile openness in China is based on regulations and incompatible standard restrictions on mobile portability. The gray market in China provides some elements of directness whereas in India, service providers face network outsourcing and lower entry barriers of sharing. Though openness in mobile fosters broad-based innovation in shaping the future evolution of communications (Baer, et al., 2011). Improvement in customer satisfaction holds critical importance for managers given the advantages of developing customer loyalty for long term success. These linkages become important for mobile telecommunications. According to the loyalty intentions in countries like Brazil, India, China, UK, USA, France and Canada, it was revealed that loyalty on mobile telecommunications was dependant on cultural differences. Moreover, in self-expressionists countries, it was easier to create satisfaction (Aksoy, et al., 2013). The contribution of real assets to GDP in major developing countries like China is 15%, Malaysia is 33%, Taiwan is 52%, Thailand is 24% and In India is 6% that is low as compared to other Asian counterparts (Sethuraman, 2015). Developing countries have largely unbanked population that needs to cater to the customer needs in urban as well as rural areas. Rural customers are in great need for managing their cash flow and money. Farmers find themselves in the short of funds during the time to sow seeds for the next season because they store at home and the money is used for discretionary purchases. Therefore, there is no track of money after that (Gupta, 2013). In developing countries, there is a need to provide urban poor for a joint telecom in the mobile banking model as telecommunications infrastructure has given a base for mobile penetration creating an opportunity for financial enclosure. The top-bottom approach is followed in the current model but or main focus is on the bottom model approach. Therefore, to create a substantial mobile banking encourages the regulators, financial institutions and mobile service providers to engage end users (Mishra and Singh Bisht, 2013). Issues and Challenges in respect to governance, compliance and risk management Secrity and Risk Issues In the widespread model of being bank-centric, there are traditional and emerging risks involved. Traditional risks highlight the issues involve theft of services and loss of revenue. The risks that can arise are information disclosure, fraudulent transactions, privacy infringement and profiling of behavior of user. Whereas emerging risks the use of mobile payments in terms of funding to terrorists and money launderings like transfer repudiation, replay attacks and authentication parameters theft (isaca.org, 2011). Technology risk A technology risk may cause failure leading to interruption in services and may limit customers right to use money and weaken the trst and confidence in the service (Worthy, 2013). Government ensures information and security (IT) issues in compliance are assessed and sudited on a periodic basis using short awareness capsules to be delivered frequently (Godse, et al., 2013) Business process Assurance/Convergence- To maximize the efficiency and effectiveness using organizational resources. Value Delivery- Risk of investments in support of business objectives (Banking Finance and Accounting Concepts methodologies tools and applications, 2015). Operational risk and Reputational risk It arises due to loss of deficiencies in the system such that leads to reliability and integrity issues. It can also arise from the lack of understanding in security and confidentiality. Reputational risk also creates actions like negative public image and devaluing te maintained customer relationship (Mohammad, 2015). This paper in terms of mobile retail banking discussed the mobile retail banking penetration in the countries. Moreover, it highlighted the importance of the customer satisfaction and retention in terms of mobile banking relation in Bank of America. Different countries laid different results for adoption of mobile banking app. Therefore, on a general context, countries faced some challenges regarding risk and governance compliance. 2. Capital Adequacy measured by banks as suggested by Bank of International Settlements in Base II and Identifying and Discussing the problems herewith. Basel II is the second recommendations by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Basel II recommendations published in 2004 and it was implemented from 2008. It intended to control how much capital a bank should hold to protect itself from any operational or financial risks. Banks are exposed to risk as they are engaged in lending, investing and trading activities. The greater the bank is exposed to risk, the more capital the bank should hold. To limit competitive inequality amongst the banks that are active internationally, it tried to maintain sufficient consistency of regulation. It aimed to provide safeguards to banks against insolvency (Pasha et al., 2012). Hence, it recommended maintaining a certain amount of capital, which is referred as minimum capital requirements. Bank of International Settlements or BIS is a bank for central banks. It is limited by shares owned by the central banks of different countries. It contains 60 members. The main two objectives of this bank are to make a reserve transparent and to maintain capital adequacy. Capital adequacy is simply measured by the ratio of capital to risk. CAR= Total Capital / Risk Weighted Asset (Reserve Bank of New Zeland, 2015). It can be expressed in terms of percentage also. The minimum requirement level of CAR is set at 8% (Bank of International Settlement, 2015). Some countries prefer to maintain CAR more than the minimum level to strong their financial base. However, BIS faces problem in measuring capital adequacy. To calculate capital, some adjustments are required in the value of capital in the balance sheet. There are two types of capital, tier one capital and tier two capital (Calomiris et al., 2014). Tier one capital is permanent and more liquid in nature that can absorb losses without insolvency of the bank. It helps to protect bank as well contributes to maintaining the stability in the financial market. Tier two capital absorbs losses that just helps the bank to sustain and provides no protection for the customers. This type of capital is less useful to provide support to the bank. Apart from these two kinds, Basel Accord categorized another type of capital that gives a buffer against losses when both of the other tiers fail. In every country, the central banks decide the minimum CAR and monitor it to provide safeguards to the depositors. CAR reflects the bank's capability to withstand any unfavorable condition. If the value is higher, this implies the bank has sufficient capital to survive a crisis (Demirgucà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kunt et al., 2013). The value of Capital asset can be overrated, as they might not reflect the proper market conditions. Moreover, the risk associated with every trade, investment and lending; may not assess properly. Hence, if the bank underestimates the risk of an asset, then the denominator is less, and CAR will show a sophisticated value, but in reality, it is not the case. Similarly, if the bank overvalues its capital then also CAR will be higher and will not represent the proper condition. The major problem is that, giving risk weight to credit exposures. Risk weight given to the risky assets can be manipulated, hence biased (Hall, 2013). Bank may give low weight to some risky ass et in order to maximise their lending. So, the value of CAR thus does not reflect the bank's original exposure to risk. Capital adequacy alone is not sufficient to measure bank's solvency. BIS struggle to maintain capital adequacy, as some country do not want to maintain the minimum requirement, which is set at a high level. It can be said that, those central banks who have calculated CAR in a proper way and attained minimum level are actually risk-resistant, but those who have overestimated the value, and if the value is more than the minimum requirement then actually they are not at all risk-resistant (Xuebin, 2012). Overvaluing the capital asset is practiced in order to attain easily the minimum target easily. Therefore, CAR does not reflect the proper capability of the banks. If the minimum capital adequacy ratio is not attained the financial authority of the country undertakes some measures to improve the capital base of the respective banks (Schaeck and Cihak, 2012). If the ca pital is not adequate, the central bank tries to increase its capital holding by increasing it several rates. One of the ways to increase the capital holding is that, central bank itself reserves a percentage of commercial banks' total deposit in the form of cash. Some central banks like Reserve Bank of India, also prescribed to maintain a percentage in the form of gold, cash, and other approved securities that are to be kept in the respective commercial banks (Sircar and Goel, 2015). This is known as Statutory Liquidity Rario. CRR controls liquidity in the economy and SLR prevents the banks to put more money in the economy. This paper will now focus on the importance of maintaining the cash reserve ratio as an important funding resource. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) is a percentage of total deposits by the customers, which is to be held as a reserve with the central bank of the country by all commercial banks (Acharya et al. 2012). This amount is maintained as the reserve to ensure that banks do not run out of money. If the depositors suddenly want to withdraw their money, then the bank can provide cash with the help of this reserve. However, this is a rare circumstance when all depositors withdraw their money. The main rationale behind maintaining CRR is to control the lending of the banks. CRR is an important monetary tool. The central banks control the rate of cash to be reserved. The Central bank of a country increases CRR to decrease the money supply and reduces CRR to increase the supply of money in the economy. When CRR is increased, commercial banks have less amount of money to be lent or invested. Hence, less money goes into the market (Mallick, 2014). Moreover, in order to maintain a high rate of cash reserve, banks increase the interest on the loan or decreases interest on deposits. As a result of these changes in interest rate, customers are less likely to take loans or deposit in the bank. By this way, a central bank can reduce the money flow in the market by reducing multiplier effect (Karim et al., 2014). In contrast, when the central bank reduces CRR, it implies that more money is available to the bank that can be lent to them. As the CRR is low, the bank can afford a lower interest rate on loan and a better interest rate on the deposit. This will encourage the investors to take loan and customers to deposit money in the bank. As a result, there will be more flow of money in the economy. By this way, central bank controls inflation in the economy. CRR of Bank Of England is 4% as on December, 2015 (Robinson, 2015). This means that all commercial banks of UK must reserve 4% of their deposit with the central bank of the country in form of cash. The paper discussed about the Basel II norms and its recommendations. Following that, this report has mentioned the problem with the risk-based capital approach of Basel II, faced by Bank of International Settlement (BIS). The paper also focused on the importance of maintaining the cash reserve ratio (CRR) as an important tool to meet daily requirements of bank and to influence the deposits of the customers. With CRR the central bank maintains the capital base of the financial institution and controls inflation by changing the rate eventually. References Acharya, V., Davydenko, S.A. and Strebulaev, I.A. (2012). Cash holdings and credit risk.Review of Financial Studies,25(12), pp.3572-3609. Aksoy, L., Buoye, A., Aksoy, P., Larivire, B. and Keiningham, T.L. (2013). A cross-national investigation of the satisfaction and loyalty linkage for mobile telecommunications services across eight countries.Journal of Interactive Marketing,27(1), pp.74-82. Baer, W.S., Bar, F., Hong, Y., Mailland, J., Mehta, A. and Movius, L. (2011). September. Comparing Mobile Openness: Case Studies of United States, United Kingdom, France, China, India Brazil. TPRC. Bank of International Settlement, (2015). The First Pillar Minimum Capital Requirements. [online] Available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128b.pdf [Accessed 24 Dec. 2015]. Banking Finance and Accounting Concepts methodologies tools and applications. (2015). United States of America: IGI Global. Calomiris, C.W., Heider, F. and Hoerova, M. (2014). A theory of bank liquidity requirements.Columbia Business School Research Paper, (14-39). Chavan, J. and Ahmad, F. (2013). Factors Affecting On Customer Satisfaction in Retail Banking: An Empirical Study.International Journal of Business and Management Invention, [online] 2(1), pp.55-62. Available at: https://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(2)1/Version_3/G0215562.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Chukwu, J. (2014). Review Of Trend In Mobile Banking And Mobile Payments.International Journal of Engineering and Technology,1(2), pp.45-55. Contini, D., Merritt, C., Crowe, M., Oliver, R. and Mott, S. (2011).Mobile Payments in the United States Mapping Out the Road Ahead. [online] Available at: https://205.186.144.101/files/pdf/efta_issue_317.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Cruz, P., Barretto Filgueiras Neto, L., Muozà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Gallego, P. and Laukkanen, T. (2010). Mobile banking rollout in emerging markets: evidence from Brazil.Intl Jnl of Bank Marketing, 28(5), pp.342-371. Demirgucà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kunt, A., Detragiache, E. and Merrouche, O. (2013). Bank capital: Lessons from the financial crisis.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,45(6), pp.1147-1164. Godse, V., Jain, R. and Sharma, R. (2013).Leading industry practices in security and privacy. [online] pwc.in. Available at: https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/publications/2013/leading-industry-practices-in-security-and-privacy.pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. Gupta, S. (2013).The Mobile Banking and Payment Revolution. [online] hbs.edu. Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/The%20Mobile%20Banking%20and%20Payment%20Revolution1_b37fc319-e15f-46c8-b2f9-c0d4c8327285.pdf [Accessed 21 Dec. 2015]. Hall, M.J. (2013). The BIS capital adequacy rules: a critique.PSL Quarterly Review,42(169). isaca.org, (2011).Mobile Payments: Risk, Security and Assurance Issues. [online] Available at: https://www.isaca.org/Groups/Professional-English/pci-compliance/GroupDocuments/MobilePaymentsWP.pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. Kanchan, A. (2012).Trends in Retail Banking Channels: Improving Client Service and Operating Costs. [online] capegemini.com. Available at: https://www.capgemini.com/resource-file-access/resource/pdf/Trends_in_Retail_Banking_Channels__Improving_Client_Service_and_Operating_Costs.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Karim, M.A., Hassan, M.K., Hassan, T. and Mohamad, S. (2014). Capital adequacy and lending and deposit behaviors of conventional and Islamic banks.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,28, pp.58-75. Kvederis, B. (2015).Banks in India are Pushing Mobile And Its Working. [online] Digitalcheck.com. Available at: https://www.digitalcheck.com/news-center/newsletters/mobile-banking-developing-countries-india [Accessed 24 Dec. 2015]. Mallick, S. (2014). Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy: Instruments Strategies of Development.International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Studies,1(6). Mckinsey.com, (2015).Retail bank distribution 2015Full digitalization with a human touch. [online] Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/client_service/marketing_and_sales/latest_thinking/retail_bank_distribution_2015 [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Mishra, V. and Singh Bisht, S. (2013). Mobile banking in a developing economy: A customer-centric model for policy formulation.Telecommunications Policy, 37(6-7), pp.503-514. Mohammad, A. (2015).The development of e-payments and challenges in malaysia. [online] citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.463.9803rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. Pasha, M.A., Srivenkataramana, T. and Swami, K.. (2012). Basel II norms with special emphasis on capital adequacy ratio of Indian banks.A Journal of MP Birla Institute of Management,6(1), pp.23-40. Pearson, M. and Sundarrajan, S. (2013).The Global Retail Banking Digital Marketing Report 2013. [online] wipro.com. Available at: https://www.wipro.com/documents/the-global-retail-banking-digital-marketing-report-2013.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Reserve Bank of New Zeland, (2015). Capital adequacy ratios for banks - simplified explanation and example of calculation. [online] Available at: https://people.stern.nyu.edu/igiddy/articles/capital_adequacy_calculation.pdf [Accessed 24 Dec. 2015]. Robinson, L. (2015). Bank of England leaves interest rates unchanged. [online] World News Headlines Opinion | MercuryNewsDaily.com. Available at: https://www.mercurynewsdaily.com/bank-of-england-leaves-interest-rates-unchanged-9910/ [Accessed 24 Dec. 2015]. rolandberger.com, (2015).Digital Revolution in Retail Banking. [online] Available at: https://www.rolandberger.com/media/pdf/Roland_Berger_Digital_Revolution_in_Retail_Banking_20150226.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Schaeck, K. and Cihak, M. (2012). Banking competition and capital ratios.European Financial Management,18(5), pp.836-866. Sethuraman, J. (2015).Retail Banking - Models, Strategies, Performances and the Future - The Indian Scenario. [online] iibf.org.in. Available at: https://www.iibf.org.in/documents/reseach-report/Report-12.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Sircar, S. and Goel, S. (2015). Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India: Role of Bank Lending.Arthshastra: Indian Journal of Economics Research,4(3), pp.33-41. Surti, B. (2015). A Renew and New Strategy for building customer connect.Finnacle Connect. Connecting the Banking World. The Banking Renewal, [online] 8(31). Available at: https://www.edgeverve.com/finacle/resources/finacleconnect/Documents/FCIssue31-banking-renewal.pdf [Accessed 25 Dec. 2015]. Temiz, C. and KINAY, E. (2015).Turkey - Advanced Payments Report. [online] bkm.com.tr. Available at: https://www.bkm.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Turkey-Advance-Payments-Report1.pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. The Impact Of Innovation in the UK Retail Banking Market. (2015). [online] Available at: https://assets.digital.cabinet-office.gov.uk/media/55ba0461ed915d155c000013/The_impact_of_innovation_in_the_UK_retail_banking_market__2_.pdf [Accessed 21 Dec. 2015]. Toit, G. and Burns, M. (2014).CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN RETAIL BANKING: GLOBAL EDITION 2014. [online] bain.com. Available at: https://www.bain.com/Images/DIGEST_Customer_loyalty_in_retail_banking_2014_.pdf [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. Tran, H. and Corner, J. (2015). The impact of communication channels on mobile banking adoption.International Journal of Bank Marketing, [online] 34(1). Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IJBM-06-2014-0073 [Accessed 24 Dec. 2015]. uk.capegemini.com, (2015).Advanced mobility services for banking | Article. [online] Available at: https://www.uk.capgemini.com/banking/advanced-mobility-services-for-banking [Accessed 21 Dec. 2015]. Vater, D., Cho, Y. and Sidebottom, (2012). The digital challenge to retail banks.Bain and Company. [online] Available at: https://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_BRIEF_Digital_challenge.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2015]. Vinayagamoorthy, A., Sankar, C. and Sangeetha, M. (2012). Mobile bankingan analysis.Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance,2(7), pp.76-86. Worthy, J. (2013).Regulating Mobile Banking and Payments - balancing innovation and security - Fieldfisher. [online] Fieldfisher.com. Available at: https://www.fieldfisher.com/publications/2013/09/regulating-mobile-banking-and-payments-balancing-innovation-and-security#sthash.1IXyOXy5.dpbs [Accessed 26 Dec. 2015]. Xuebin, X.M.C. (2012). Monetary Condition, Capital Adequacy Ratio and Bank Risk-taking [J].Journal of Financial Research,7, pp.007.

WWI and WWII Essay Example For Students

WWI and WWII Essay Large scale nationalistic values arose in 19th century Europe. This was a time when the majority of the political systems favored liberalism, a belief that there should be a free market economy and also people were rewarded because of their talent not there inherited privilege.Nationalism can be defined in many ways. The simplest is that people devote themselves to the interests and culture of their particular nation. Nationalistic thought also includes the idea that nations will benefit from acting independently rather then collectively. This view creates immense tension because international goals are neglected. The world wars occurred during the height of nationalism. Many people say that nationalism played important roles leading into and also during both wars. Nationalistic values were one major cause of both world wars. The first war was started while many European countries were scrambling for colonies in Africa and many other places. This caused the countries to conflict ofte n. The second world war saw many causes, particularly the Treaty of Versailles and the rise of Adolf Hitler. After these wars certain generations were affected by them in profound ways. After each war many of the diaries and memoirs of the survivors were published for the whole world to read. All Quiet on the Western Front and Elie Weisels Night, both serve as reminders of the horrible tragedy of war. These novels can be viewed as critiques of nationalism because the main characters in them provide a deep insight into the true European life and culture and they also offer many alternatives to the idea of nationalism when trying to identify themselves. Both novels showed the ugly side of nationalism. Bibliography: We will write a custom essay on WWI and WWII specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Analysis of Circular Motion essays

Analysis of Circular Motion essays ?ANALYSIS OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION PURPOSE: To analyse the relationship between the frequency of a rotating object and its centripetal force, its weight and its radius in a circular path. QUESTION: What is the relationship between the frequency of an object moving in a circular path and its mass, centripetal force, and the radius of such circular path? Would the magnitude of the frequency be proportional to the mass, centripetal force and radius of the object and its circular path respectively? PREDICTION/HYPOTHESIS: The predictions for the relationship were as follows: The relationship between the different variables of the circular motion would be that of proportionality. The mass of the proposed object would be inversely proportional to the frequency of the objects revolutions. The centripetal force, which pulls the object towards the center causing its circular motion, would be directly proportional to the inverse of the frequency of the objects revolutions. The radius of the circular path that the object moves in would be inversely proportional to the frequency of the objects revolutions. MATERIALS: The materials used in the experiment were: Different masses (100g, 150g, and 200g) PROCEDURE: The steps taken for the conduction of the experiment are as follows: Experiment 1: Relationship between frequency and the centripetal force i.e. radius, velocity and mass are constant. Measure and record the mass of one stopper with the chemical balance before use in the experiment. Tie the stopper to a string with a length of approximately 1.5m. Insert a thin cylindrical PVC pipe at the other end of the string. Measure the distance between the centre of the stopper and the centre of the PVC pipe and adjust it to 75cm. i.e. radius=75cm. Attach a mass, M, of 100g to the B-end of the string. Measure a distance ...

Personal Music Statement essays

Personal Music Statement essays As a future teacher I feel that music is an important subject to incorporate in the everyday classroom. I have not experienced any form of music class since I was in elementary school and I feel that it is very important for students at a younger age. When I was a young child I can remember almost everything we did in music class everyday and that is because of the impact my music teacher had on me. He was the most outgoing teacher I ever had throughout my school years and he made music entertaining and exciting for his students. Many children did not like to go to music because they found it boring, but I loved to get out of the classroom and go to music class because it was such an enjoyable experience. We did many unique activities involving music and instruments and I think that it is very important to allow young children to have unique experiences with a variety of subjects. When I was in middle school I joined the marching band, but I was not part of the instrumental section. I was in the flag corps and I absolutely loved being part of the band. Although I was not producing sound with an instrument I was involved with the beat of the instruments and I learned a lot about music in my middle school years. As I approached high school I decided to continue with the flag corps and when I was a junior I became the captain. I made all the routines for the songs the marching band played so I have had a lot of experience with learning beats and trying to put movements to them. It seemed very difficult at times to match a routine to the song, but as the years past it became much easier. I am not involved with the flag corps or marching band anymore, but I do listen to music quite a bit in my spare time. When I am in my room at school studying, reading, or just playing on the computer, I always have the radio on. I would much rather listen to music then watch television. I could listen to any ki ...

Five Guys Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Five Guys - Case Study Example In 2002, the Five Guys model was opened for franchising and expanded rapidly- over 1000 outlets were expected to open by the end of 2011, with over $1 Billion in sales (Weiss, 2011). The standard Five Guys simple and authentic vibe is strictly maintained in all the different outlets. Five Guys is a fast food chain of restaurants which specialize in the three items of hamburgers, fries and hotdogs. However, their menu pricing, quality and service type places them in the sub category of fast casual dining. Fast Casual is used to describe service outlets which do not offer full table service but there is an expectation of better food quality and atmosphere than fast food restaurants. The ingredients used are of better quality and the kitchen is visible for the dinners. Five Guys promotes an atmosphere which invokes memories of a 1950’s diner combined with the same kind of homemade food. The limited menu also allows them to concentrate on providing the best of those items rather than diversifying and losing their personalized touch. Fast casual lies between fast food and casual dining, offering customers a better value for their money and a more comfortable dining atmosphere which is greatly appealing for the people of a nation hit by recession. While Five Guys was a pioneer in this category, many fast food restaurants are quickly adopting regenerated menus and a more personalized service to compete with and enter into the fast casual and quick service categories. For the restaurant chain their emphasis has been on creating a more-for-slightly more value proposition. By charging over the average price charged by other chains, Five Guys provide much better food and service for their customers. This has helped them to distinguish themselves from other chains and gain an edge over their direct and indirect primary competitor. These

The Russian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Russian Revolution - Essay Example The thirst for equal opportunities that the French Revolution inculcated in people also was one of the major reasons for the development and growth of democratic institutions of power in the world. This was seen in another revolution that took place during the twentieth century, the Russian Revolution that ended the reign of the tsars in Russia and paved the way for governments that would be based on the consent of the people of Russia. The Russian Revolution managed not only to wrest power from the Tsar but also to place it in the hands of the Bolsheviks and not in the hands of any emperor as in the case of the French Revolution when power finally ended up in the hands of Napoleon, who in a sense perverted the goals of the revolution by installing himself as the emperor of France and not upholding the ideals of the French Revolution. There are several similarities between the Russian and the French Revolutions. Both were very important events in their own times and were important in shaping the future of the world. The Russian revolution not only affirmed the world’s growing faith in democracy and rejection of autocracy but also signaled a willingness to focus on the welfare of the masses of a nation and not on the diplomatic concerns of a country. The unwillingness of the Russian people to be a part of wars was seen in the lack of popular support for the First World War and the dissent that had started to breed in the masses after the setbacks that Russia had to face during the First World War. This is similar to the French revolution in two ways. The French revolution too had a great impact on the world and its main rival, Britain felt the shockwaves of the revolution throughout the period of the Regency and the Victorian age. The fear of a revolution can be seen in the literature of this period that in some cases valorizes the revolution and in others mocks and satirizes it as an ineffectual tool for social change. The French Revolution with its slog an of â€Å"Liberte, egalite, fraternite† (liberty, equality and fraternity) caused people around the world to harbor dreams of a utopia where the lords and the peasants would be able to live as equals and share the produce of the land equally with enough for all. Like the French Revolution which made not only the French but also people of other countries clamor for freedom from autocracy, the Russian Revolution too made the claims for freedom that countries under the yoke of imperialism had been making for many years. Apart from this, the resentment of the French public was due not only to the misery that they were facing but also due to the recognition that their country had been spending their money unwisely by helping the Americans in their war for independence. This expenditure was thought of as a waste of money by thy emergent class of the bourgeois who were at the forefront of the revolution. As in the French Revolution, it was a concern for the faltering economy of th e country that was one of the major reasons for the Russian Revolution. The emergence of a bourgeois mentality in the people can be considered as a reason for the sudden uprisings that took place during this time even though the Bolsheviks were overtly Marxist in their approach to the topic of governance. Awareness and concern regarding the manner in which the national revenues were being spent and dealt with, is an indication of the increasing desire for control that the middle classes of both France and Russia felt during their respective

The Gathering Essay Example for Free

The Gathering Essay This essay is an analysis of the novel ‘The Gathering’ by Isobelle Carmody. The novel is about good and evil, inner struggle, human nature, conformity and individuality, friendship and cooperation. The main group character is Nathanial and he is in a teenager group, called ‘The Chain’. The people in the group are Nathanial, Nissa, Lallie, Seth, Danny and Indian. Nathanial is a new boy to the school because he and his mother have been moving frequently since his parents were divorced. Their house is in the seaside town of Cheshunt, but Nathanial doesn’t like it because it sits in the town’s bitter wind and abattoir stench, as the primary reasons. This essay will discuss how Isobelle Carcomdy successfully constructs Nathanial to represent a marginalised teenager who the reader feels sympathy for. Nathanial is 15 years old. He and his mother move to Cheshunt and he goes to the Three North School, where it is the most evil things were has taken place. He likes ‘The Chain’ member Nissa. He is trying to find the idea of fighting the darkness and ‘The Circle’ are praising witchcraft however he feels so isolated and lonely in the new school he is happy to join. Nissa, she is hardened and guarded wild orphan girl because her heart broken as a young girl of her desirable mother’s many boyfriends, she become claim to be in love with her and then rejected and humiliate her, on page 182 she said ‘ I made a vow to myself then, that I’d never love anyone again. Not like that. From then on, I relied on nobody and took care of myself. She get viciously and emotionally damaged and never let anybody remotely attached to her. In the story she is the sword of the strength. Frank, his name is Indian, he is a young man with a pony tail, page 158 he said ‘I don’t fight back because I deserve to be hurt. It is because of Jenny. That’s my punishment. ’ Before he bears over the brain damage his younger sister many years ago, so he is the bowl of healing. Seth, he is the least central member of the Chain he is a hopeless alcoholic and emotionally weak in chapter 18 he is unrequitedly in love with Nissa, he is attempts to commit suicide, he is the eye seeks. Seth’s father is the head of the Cheshunt Police Division and reports to Mr. Karle. Seth is not the same side and the power with his father and join the Dark but at the last minute redeems himself and forgiveness of the chain. To conclude, this essay has discussed Isobelle Carmody is a person who wrote the reality war, it set the time and place are real in the novel it discussed what is good and evil, like Nathanial he make this character successful because it brings out when he moved to another new place and have a good start with evil versus good but he never give up and try to learn many things with other people.

How Andy Goldsworthy Expresses His Feelings through His Works Essay

How Andy Goldsworthy Expresses His Feelings through His Works Andy Goldsworthy was born in Cheshire in 1956 and was brought up in Yorkshire. He studied at Bradford College of Art (1974-75) and Preston Polytechnic (1975-78). After leaving college Goldsworthy lived in Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria. He moved over the border to Langholm, Dumfriesshire in 1985 and to Penpont one year later. This gradual drift northwards was due to a way of life over which he did not have complete control. However, contributing factors were opportunities and desires to work in these areas and reasons of economy. Throughout his career most of Goldsworthy's work has been made in the open air, in places as diverse as the Yorkshire Dales, the Lake District, Grize Fiord in the Northern Territories of Canada, the North Pole, Japan, the Australian outback, St Louis, Missouri and Dumfriesshire. He collaborates with nature to make his creations. The materials he uses are those you find in the remote locations he visits: twigs, leaves, stones, snow and ice, reeds and thorns. Most works are ephemeral (don't last/live long), but demonstrate in their short life, Goldsworthy's extraordinary sense of play and of place. The works are recorded as photographs. Book publication is an important aspect of Andy Goldsworthy's work: showing all aspects of the production of a given work, each publication is a work of art in its own right. Some recent sculpture has a more permanent natur...

American Indian Education Essay

In this article the author argues that the American government should provide the Indian society the opportunity to create their own institution, for further education. He believes the American culture is being forced upon Indian society through education. Arthur C Parker believes in further education, as he himself is a no graduate from Dickinson Seminary. In his experience, Indian Students are being taught to assimilate to common American culture, while disregarding there own family tree. He states that by placing an Indian University, students would be granted the opportunity to further there education, as well as, the opportunity to embrace there own culture. Based upon Indian culture, Indians will be able to expand there education at a superior level, while never being forced to be similar to the white race. The American Indian wouldn’t be no less than an American, now be treated any differently, but he believed that the Indian had the opportunity to be granted the same education. Furthermore, he feels like no other Indian should be left out of the proper education they deserve. In conclusion, Arthur C. Parker strongly stands up for his believes, and does bend his head in shame, he is proud to be and Indian. Considering the time frame, 1913, where America is a developing nation of many cultures, the brining of a single race institution would cause a big controversy. America is known as the â€Å"Melting Pot†, where there is a variety of different cultures. To one, this article will seem to be talking back to American society. Parker has a strong believe and feels like this will improve the Indians education. I believe that he is so passionate for the American Indian University because he did not have the opportunity to complete his education, probably because he didn’t feel comfortable in his learning environment. In my perspective, this article is important, but nothing extraordinary from modern days, this issue continues with other races. The opportunity to have a single race intuition would’ve meant that every single race would have that same right, one has to be accustomed to what America is, as of today, a mixture of many cultures and beliefs. In my opinion, any student who believes, and want a higher education, will do so in any environment they are in.

Mandatory Sentencing

Many changes have occurred over the past three decades with regards to the sentencing systems from both the state and federal levels.   In 1975, all states and also the federal system principally relied on an indeterminate sentencing system that accorded judges wide discretion with respect to sentencing and gave parole boards practically unchecked discretion regarding the release of prisoners (Tonry & Hatlesad, 1997). All jurisdictions placed great emphasis on the philosophy of tailoring sentences to reflect offenders’ characteristics. This strategy represented an attempt to achieve the rehabilitation of the offender. That uniform response to sentencing has disappeared; in the year 2000, there is no common philosophy or common sentencing practices across jurisdictions in America (Tonry, 1999). All states, however, have adopted statutes requiring mandatory minimum prison sentences for certain violent, drug, and property offenders. The result has been increased sentence lengths (and numbers of admissions to custody) for a wide range of offenses. This, in turn, has led to overcrowded prisons across the country. Mandatory Sentencing Despite many legislative changes regarding specific crimes, 30 states still rely primarily on an indeterminate sentencing system which incorporates parole release (Tonry, 1999). Fourteen states have eliminated early release at the discretion of a parole board for all offenders, and many more states have substantially reduced â€Å"goodtime† credits, by which prisoners may earn their early release (Ditton and Wilson, 1999). Some jurisdictions have attempted to structure sentencing through the use of presumptive or voluntary sentencing guidelines. Several states have made a conscious effort to avoid populist punitive policies by requiring legislators to consider the impact of a law on criminal justice resources. For example, before approving legislation, Louisiana legislators must consider an impact statement on how a mandatory sentencing bill would affect jury trials, plea bargaining, overcrowding in prisons, and the corrections budget (DiMascio, 1997). In stark contrast to the federal sentencing guidelines, eight states have adopted â€Å"front-end resource matching†; the resources required for the implementation of a sentencing law must be approved before the sentencing law is enacted. This focus on resource matching may create more rational sentencing and allow legislators some breathing space in which to resist intense public pressure arising from high-profile cases (Frase, 1995, p. 179). These efforts, however, are infrequent, and policies reflecting penal populism still carry the day more often than not in contemporary America. Criminal Control Truly, the complexity of the criminal justice problem is such that issues like the etiology of crime and the impact of drug addiction on criminal behavior may never be completely understood. Because of this, there is much room for the purveyors of scientific snake off to sell their wares to an unsuspecting public. Proponents of the various programs that are engineered as solutions to such problems as recidivism and crime prevention are so diverse in their political philosophies and theoretical schools as to cause the head to reel. Still, the public demands that there be answers, and politicians have mandated that they be found – and they have been. Bureaucrats and academics, professional consultants and political activists, government commissions and high-powered think tanks have all been analyzing data and constructing better programs for the alleviation of crime. Each of the many camps that have sprung up around this industry has a particular theory to espouse and a specific agenda to promote. Most of them have budgets, jobs, and political turf to protect. And whether one is trying to deflect attention away from the failure of law enforcement and its allies or pursuing failure as a means of promoting a political agenda of scapegoating the poor, nothing will achieve the goal better than the latest and most fashionable pseudoscientific technique for reducing crime. Evaluating the Criminal Justice Policy Criminological research, just as any other body of scientific knowledge, can serve ideological or bureaucratic ends just as readily as it can serve the advancement of positive social goals. Indeed, this is the entire point of Jeffrey Reiman's Pyrrhic defeat theory. By selectively collecting and analyzing some data while ignoring others, one can frequently arrive at whatever conclusion will support the practitioner's or researcher's favorite theory. At the very heart of Reiman's assessment of the American system of justice is the contention that the police focus on street crime while ignoring white-collar and corporate crime. He notes, for example, that while 9,285 members of the work force lost their lives due to crime in 1972, 100,000 of them died as the result of occupational hazards (Reiman 1979, p. 66). It is Reiman's contention that many of the latter deaths were preventable, and thus were tantamount to negligent homicides. It is no wonder, then, he contends, that corporate interests use their influence to ensure that no legislation that would make such negligence prosecutable comes into being while, at the same time, supporting the aggressive pursuit of street gangs, burglars, and robbery suspects. Samuel Walker and the Criminal Justice Policy Samuel Walker does an excellent job of illustrating the impact of ideology on criminology and the American system of justice. In his book Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs, he describes what he refers to as the conservative theology (pp. 17-19) and the liberal theology (pp. 19-20) of crime control: â€Å"Conservative crime control theology envisions a world of discipline and self-control; people exercise self-restraint and subordinate their personal passions to the common good. It is a place of limits and clear rules about human behavior. The problem with criminals is that they lack self-control† (p. 17). So goes Walker's account of the stance of the right. He goes on to asses the position of the left on issues of crime as well: â€Å"Liberal crime control theology views the world as a large and idealized school. It explains criminal behavior in terms of social influences. People do wrong because of bad influences in the family, the peer group, or the neighborhood, or because of broader social factors, such as discrimination and lack of economic opportunity. The liberals' solution to crime is to create a different set of influences. Rehabilitation involves shaping the offender in the direction of correct behavior† (p. 19). Samuel Walker and the Mandatory Sentencing Having set the stage, Walker goes on to explain that each of these camps has set upon a quest for its own brand of success. He describes the liberal push for reforms in the area of corrections as â€Å"the story of a continuing search for the Holy Grail of rehabilitation† (p. 19). As for the conservative tendency to equate deterrence with parental discipline, he tells us that â€Å"The real world, unfortunately, does not work like family discipline† (p. 18) Walker then supports these characterizations of the liberal and conservative schools of criminology by debunking several of the programs the two sides support and the claimed successes for each. One example used by Walker is that of the mandatory sentencing programs so near and dear to the hearts of law-and-order conservatives. The state of New York's 1973 drug law mandating lengthy prison terms is one of those examined. The law provided that convicted heroin dealers would serve minimum, mandatory prison terms ranging from one year to life for minor offenders, and fifteen years to life for major offenders (those who either sold an ounce of heroin or possessed two ounces of the substance). It was found, however, that between 1972 and 1976, â€Å"the overall percentage of arrests leading to conviction fell from 33.5 to 20 percent† (Walker 1994, p. 92). Walker points out that members of the â€Å"courtroom work group† (p. 48) (prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys) were able to evade the intent of the law by selectively charging and dismissing the offenders. Although he concedes that there was some modest success, in that the rate of incarceration did go up for those who were convicted, the effect of the law was essentially nullified (p. 92). The claim that mandatory sentencing program are, by and large, not successful is further supported by the experiences of both the state of Florida and the federal system. Even though Florida passed mandatory sentencing laws in 1975 and 1988, no significant impact on sentencing practices has resulted. Walker again points out that such factors as judicial discretion and â€Å"good time† reduction of prison terms effectively negated the laws' impact as an effective tool for reducing crime (pp. 87-88). The story for the federal system is similar, though it must be conceded that the length of prison terms for those convicted did increase. Walker points out that this served to greatly increase the prison population and add to overcrowding. At the same time, however, correctional officials employed a greater use of â€Å"good time† programs in an effort to ease these conditions. The result is that whatever benefit might have been realized has again been negated (p. 95). An example of how Samuel Walker explains the failure of the left to come up with the right answers to the question of how to control crime is found in his account of the Martinson Report. This 1974 criminological report by Robert Martinson resulted from a review of all of the evaluations of correctional programs that were available in English-language publications between 1945 and 1967. Walker informs us that most of this universe of data was eliminated as not bun scientifically valid, for the Martinson team found that they were lacking such vital research components as control groups or drew â€Å"questionable conclusions from the data† (p. 209). The upshot of the study was that although Martinson did find some positive results from correctional rehabilitation, he also stated that â€Å"with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so for have had no appreciable effect on rehabilitation† (pp. 208-209). Follow-up studies of the type conducted by Martinson, Walker indicates, have resulted in similar findings, fueling a long-term debate on the efficacy of rehabilitation programs. Samuel Walker makes it clear that practitioners and researchers alike are guilty of wishful thinking and of stacking the deck in favor of their individual arguments. Time and again he demonstrates that many of the so-called successes in rehabilitation have been invented rather than achieved. Closer attention to ethical decision making might have served to advance the state of criminology in these instances, just as it might aid in achieving a more effectively run police department. A brief look at two of Walker's examples will be illustrative. Diversion is one of the programs Walker examines, and he chooses the Manhattan Court Employment Project as an example (p. 212). In this program employment services were provided to underemployed and unemployed defendants-not facing homicide, rape, kidnapping, or arson changes. Such persons were granted a delay of prosecution and could have their cases dismissed if they secured stable employment. A program evaluation conducted shortly after the project was initiated gave it high marks, including a 48.2 percent success rate and a very low cost. Later, however, another study found that recidivism was not abated and that the cost figures were misleading. Walker explains that this was due to the â€Å"net-widening syndrome,† (p. 213) a situation in which low risk offenders who would otherwise have their cases dismissed were selected for inclusion in the diversion program. The result, of course, is a skewing of statistics and the incurring of a cost that would otherwise not have been necessary. â€Å"The net-widening phenomenon suggests that the ‘old' diversion did a better job,† writes Walker (p. 214). Walker notes that what he means by this is that district attorneys who declined to prosecute and police officers who elected not to arrest offenders for minor violations of the law did a far more cost-effective and less intrusive job of diversion than did the Manhattan Court Employment Project. Walker also takes a look at intensive probation supervision (IPS), another of the many fads to hit the rehabilitation scene. In IPS programs, probationers are closely supervised with a great number of contacts between the client and the probation officer, frequent testing of drugs, and generally much tighter restrictions on behavior and movements. Not all that surprisingly, Walker finds that such programs are not new. As evidence of this he cites the San Francisco Project, an IPS program that was put into place during the 1960s. The San Francisco Project, a federal program of intensive probation supervision, was subjected to systematic evaluation at the time. Control groups were set up, reports Walker, for the purpose of comparing the new intensive measures with more traditional and less restrictive ones. The evaluators learned that there was â€Å"no significant difference in the recidivism rates of offenders in the various groups† (p. 214). Walker points out that there are similar findings in studies of the newest wave of IPS programs. Evaluations recently conducted in California, New Jersey, and Georgia are equally disheartening. â€Å"IPS suffers from both confused goals and exaggerated promises,† he writes (p. 220). Conclusion After all, a question still remains as to what are we to make of all of these?   Confusion and a seemingly endless series of fits and starts appear to constitute our best effort at finding a solution to crime and violence.   Samuel Walker provides us with a very solid explanation in his book as he goes about the task of illustrating the significant issues that encompass the current criminal justice policy. References DiMascio, W. M. (1997). Seeking justice: Crime and punishment in America. New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. Ditton, P. M., and D. J. Wilson (1999). Truth in sentencing in state prisons. Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report (NCJ 170032). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Frase, R. S. (1995). State sentencing guidelines: Still going strong. Judicature. 78(4): 173–179. Reiman, Jeffrey (1979). The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Tonry, M., and K. Hatlestad, eds. (1997). Sentencing reform in overcrowded times: A comparative perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. Tonry, M. (1999). The fragmentation of sentencing and corrections in America. National Institute of Justice: Research in Brief. NCJ 175721. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Walker, Samuel (1994). Sense and Nonsense About Crime and Drugs: A Policy Guide. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.      

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations

How to Punctuate Non-He Said Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations How to Punctuate Non-â€Å"He Said† Attributions of Quotations By Mark Nichol The speaker of a quotation or a line of dialogue is normally identified in an attribution, a phrase as simple as â€Å"he said† that attributes the words to a particular person. However, there are other ways to attribute, including the ones illustrated in these examples, that don’t explicitly require an attributive verb. The sentences below illustrate the major difference between explicit and implicit attribution: punctuation (or lack thereof). (Note that explicit and implicit are not terms of art; I’m using them in the absence of, to my knowledge, any established terminology for these distinct types of attribution.) When â€Å"he said† or the like follows a quotation, it is preceded by a comma; if, less often, the attribution comes first, a comma follows it. Meanwhile, a colon, not a comma, should follow attributions such as â€Å"She had this to say in her defense.† But note the deletion of commas or colons in revisions to the following examples in which the attribution is merely implied: 1. â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line, ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† When a sentence that includes a quotation does not include an explicit attribution, and the quotation is grammatically integrated into the sentence, omit any intervening punctuation: â€Å"I had been opening my speeches with the line ‘Are we entering a new era of American prejudice?’† 2. â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people,’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† See the explanation of the revision above; the same guideline applies when the quotation opens the sentence: â€Å"‘The deepest bias in the history of the American people’ is how historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. referred to our nation’s history of anti-Catholic prejudice.† 3. â€Å"You’ll be hearing from him again† was my friend’s guess. This sentence and its attribution are simpler than the preceding sentence and its attribution, but the rule is the same when a verb follows a quotation, punctuation after the quotation is unnecessary: â€Å"‘You’ll be hearing from him again’ was my friend’s guess.† 4. â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of: ‘How dare he?’† In this case, punctuation is redundant to the preposition that precedes the quotation: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that mentality of ‘How dare he?’† The statement is colloquial; if it were not a direct quotation, it could be revised to a slightly more formal version: â€Å"I think they’re going to have that ‘How dare he?’ mentality.† 5. â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question: ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† As in the first example, above, this sentence’s quotation is integrated into the flow of the sentence, so no punctuation is required: â€Å"To pass a necessity test usually means a negative response to the question ‘Can the same result be obtained by other means?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesOne Fell SwoopThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Armegeddon essays

Armegeddon essays There will come a time when all souls cannot escape from salvation. It is then, that because of this , the universe will ultimately collapse. Afterward all souls will be depressed again to live a lifetime where they have shackles forever. When a particular place in the universe has cooled life shall emerge, although it will be many years before This so describes the Hindu invision of the end of times in which the universe that includes everything is destroyed and then it is recreated again. It is important because many people believe Hinduism is responsible for the basis of other religions such as Buddhism, Sikkhism and Jainism which is clearly seen , as all three believe in many of the same theories such as reincarnation. For many of these people there is no true Armageddon only the repeat blooming and distraction of the universe by different types of gods. This makes me wonder if these people see Armageddon in such a different angle then conventional christians. How do the people of Confucianism , Marxism or any of the oriental religions perceive the end of The fact is, many of the so called religions out there do not have gods or prayer because there would be no need , rather they are only a philosophies on how people should live their lives . One example would be Confucianism which is predominately an Asian religion that started in the Chon Dynasty years 1122-897 B.C. The religion was founded by a man named Confucius who supported a project called the ritual music culture, that more or less was set up by the government of China to control the various tribes that inhabited the yellow river by giving them a culture that they all shared in common . This form of idealism unfortunately was rejected. The man named Confucius traveled all over China trying to persuade people to accept the ritual music culture , however some ...

Renaissance Art and Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Renaissance Art and Music - Essay Example Northern painters, especially those from Flanders and the Netherlands, were as advanced as Italian artists in landscape painting and contributed to the innovations of their southern contemporaries by introducing oil paint as a new medium. Although portraiture also developed as a specific genre in the mid-15th century, Renaissance painters achieved the greatest latitude with the history, or narrative, picture, in which figures located within a landscape or an architectural environment act out a specific story, taken either from Classical mythology or Judaeo-Christian tradition. Within such a context, the painter was able to show men, women, and children in a full range of postures and poses, as well as the subjects' diverse emotional reactions and states. The Renaissance was also a period of avid exploration; ships set sail in search of new routes to Asia, which resulted in the discovery and eventual colonization of North and South America. Painters, sculptors, and architects were dri ven by a similar sense of adventure and the desire for greater knowledge and new solutions; Leonardo da Vinci, like Christopher Columbus, discovered whole new worlds. This paper aims to define the characteristics of visual art and music during the renaissance through the use of examples, know a little about the artists of the artworks which were used as examples for this paper as well as to compare the works selected as examples in terms of the elements of art. In so doing, the paper will establish that renaissance art, however old and different the world it originated from is still continued to be regarded as timeless and valuable pieces in modern day art. Body Renaissance Art is any type of art produced... The two principal components of Renaissance style are the following: 1. a revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and 2. an intensified concern with secular life—interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual. The Renaissance period in art history corresponds with the beginning of the great Western age of discovery and exploration, when a general desire developed to examine all aspects of nature and the world.During the Renaissance, artists were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they had been in the medieval past. The renaissance has indeed been a period of rebirth because people at that time were given a â€Å"second chance† to live life again. Along with this chance is the realization of the importance of appreciating life and the environment. People were able to have an identity of their own as they were recognized according to what they do best, just like the painters and the musicians. Although, the period is a time of rebirth, still many of its influences, both in visual art and music, comes from religion. Until today, even how old the art pieces of renaissance artists both in visual art and music, their works are still highly regarded and served as guides and models of aspiring artists today. This is manifested in how these new artists study the life and works of renaissance artists and sometimes compare their works to what the young ones of today have created. Truly, renaissance pieces, in art visual art and music, are timeless for until now it has still been considered to be timeless and priceless works of art.

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing - Assignment Example The market share of iPad is also high because Apple is a pioneer in the technology. Though other companies such as Samsung have launched similar prototypes, these companies do not have the first mover advantage. Thus the most relevant strategy for iPad given its position is a good amount of promotion. Apple should invest in promoting this product to improve on the sales of the product. Find 2 examples of mission statements. Do you think these statements reflect the companies? Mission Statement of Coca Cola: To refresh the world; to inspire moments of optimism and happiness; and to create value and make a difference (Coca-Cola). This statement reflects the new image of Coca-Cola that has been developed through the most recent campaign. TV advertisements promoting the product show happy people being refreshed. This mission statement portrays the company as an organization brining optimism and warmth for its customers. It however, misses one big element and that is taste. Mission Statem ent of Facebook:   ‘Facebook’s mission is to give people the power to share and make the world more open and connected’ (Facebook). This mission statement reflects a company centered on the people and how to improve on their sharing experience. Facebook’s mission shows that the company values its users and is build around improving their experience. It talks about connectedness and openness and thus works for the company like this. 2:Peapod, the nation’s leading internet grocer, understanding growing demographic and social cultural macro environmental trends,  allows non-traditional households, such as single working parent households to order more than 8,000 grocery items online and have them delivered to home. Can you think of an example of how beverage marketers might alter an existing product or service, or create something new to satisfy the unique needs of the non-traditional single working parent households? One way in which beverage mark eters may alter existing products is by offering smaller packs for non-traditional single working parents. Such parents are not interested in buying economy packs since most of the product is wasted as they do not have large families to consume the product. Also within single working parent households, there is a greater need for getting food ready quickly. The beverage industry needs to focus on providing quick solutions such as easy to make coffee or 5 minute coffee. The single parent household is also willing to offer more price for premium products as they can afford product because they do not have to cater to a large family. Here beverage industries can offer new varieties and flavors to such households. When we purchase products or services we go through a decision process: Step 1 – Need recognition; Step 2 – Information search; Step 3 - Evaluation of alternatives: Step 4 - Purchase Decision; Step 5 Post-purchase Behavior.  Identify a recent purchase made by y ou and describe what role the product’s marketer played, if any, in getting you through the process.  Comment on the effectiveness of the marketer in someone else’s discussion post vs. your product’s marketer. Recently I brought a new android phone by HTC. Before making the purchase, I went online and searched for android phones with good reviews. I also kept my price range in mind. The marketer in this case helped me to a limited extent. He provided the platform where I would be able to easily gather information. The marketer by

Anthrolpology - Illegal Immigration and the Mexican people (research Essay

Anthrolpology - Illegal Immigration and the Mexican people (research paper) - Essay Example Many have, however, attempted to deny access to housing, schools, medical treatment and social programs to non-citizens. Some argue that U.S. laws apply to all within its borders, legally or not such as the Fifth Amendment right to due process of law. The laws certainly apply to all when they are broken. The federal government, to no one’s surprise, has been no help. For example, the Bush administration has long supported some form of amnesty which has enraged those that are opposed to illegal aliens living, working or going to school in the U.S. On the other hand, the administration also endorses the PATRIOT Act which denies constitutionally guaranteed rights to all people and further punishes immigrants in the effort to win the ‘war on terror.’ The ‘right’ answer escapes the government and many others as well because of the issue’s many complexities. This discussion will examine the immigration debate from a legal, economic and social view. It will present the administration’s answer to the problem along with an opposing opinion. It will also speak to laws germane to the debate including a brief review of the PATRIOT Act, the Fifth Amendment regarding due process and the Fourteenth Amendment which relates to automatic citizenship by birth. The fundamental reason for the flood of immigration from Latin America, specifically Mexico, is the disintegration of the Mexican economy predominantly resulting from free-trade strategies employed by the North American Free Trade Agreement and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The rampant corruption within the Mexican government has also contributed significantly to the collapse of the Mexican economy. â€Å"Due to IMF policies regarding Mexico, its economic output dropped 33 percent in the past two decades† (Small, 2005). During this period, its foreign debt rose 359

In Broad Daylgith Essay Example for Free

In Broad Daylgith Essay â€Å"In Broad Daylight† is about Mu Ying, nicknamed Old Whore. She has affairs with different men and is publicly denounced and paraded before the community by the Red Guards who travel from another city and happen to know her bad name. Her dwarf peddler husband Meng Su tries to rescue her from the public humiliation, only to be humiliated himself by the Red Guards, the spectators and his wife as well. Finally, he is found crushed by a train, and Mu Ying lies alone at bus stop, deranged. Written from the point view of a naive boy, nicknamed White Cat, Ha Jin intends to portray through untainted and authentic lens a Chinese woman with a self-awakening feminist consciousness who stands up for her sexuality. Turning point number one in the story is when the questioning of Mu Ying has started and has to confess her crimes of adultery with three other men. She then comes to the point where she explains the feeling of wanting a man holding her with his strong arms very detailed. After Mu Ying describes this feeling of sexual need, a woman who is the mother of Bare Hips speaks from the front of the crowd and says â€Å"You have your own man, who doesn’t lack an arm or a leg. It’s wrong to have others’ men and more wrong to pocket their money† (Jin 156). And on this moment Mu Ying is still recovering from a punch of the Red Guards and still replies with a smirk on her face looking down on her husband â€Å"I have my own man? † (Jin 156). â€Å"My man is nothing. He is no good, I mean in bed. He always comes before I feel anything† (Jin 156). As a central focus of the public denunciation, Mu appeared to be rather calm when she was caught at home. She neither protested nor said a word, but followed the Red Guards quietly. In her eyes, these Red Guards were only a group of children. She did not expect that the join forces of the Red Guards and the revolutionary masses in the town would be tremendous enough to put her in destruction; more importantly, she did not think that her behavior had violated any rule or law. When her husband appealed to the Red Guards, she stared at him without a word, and a faint smile passed the corners of her mouth. In her yes, the behavior of her impotent husband is pedantic and ridiculous. When the Red Guard asked her why she â€Å"seduced men and paralyze heir revolutionary will with your bourgeois poison† (156), she responded rather calmly with a rhetorical question, â€Å"I’ve never invited any man to my home, have I? † (Jin 156). When several women hissed in the crowd, she even tried to persuade them by citing her own experience: â€Å"Sisters,† she spoke aloud. â€Å"All right, it was wrong to sleep with them. But you all know what it feels like when you want a man, don’t you? Don’t you once in a while have that feeling in your bones? Contemptuously, she looked at the few withered middle-aged women standing in the front row, then closed her eyes. â€Å"Oh, you want that real man to have you in his arms and let him touch every part of your body. For that man alone you want to blossom into a woman, a real woman—† (Jin 156). As a group of juveniles, White Cat and his companions know little about the adult life. This limitation makes their participation a journey of discovery. When adults burst out laughing at Mu Ying’s assertion of her husband’s impotence, the teenagers appeared to be puzzled. The dialogue between them shows this point clearly: â€Å"What’s that? What’s so funny? † Big Shrimp asked Bare Hips. â€Å"You didn’t get it? † Bare Hips said impatiently. â€Å"You don’t know anything about what happens between a man and a woman. It means that whenever she doesn’t want him to come close to her he comes. Bad timing. † â€Å"It doesn’t sound like that,† I said (Jin 157). Obviously, Bare Hips does not know any more than Big Shrimp though his impatient tone tries to conceal this ignorance. Ignorant as he is, Bare Hips makes so bold as to cry at Mu Ying, â€Å"Shameless Old Whore! † (Jin 154). Impossible to perceive, the innocent children are acting the role of accomplice in the public denunciation against Mu. Their thoughts and behaviors manifest the influence they have taken from their parents. In this sense, the innocent teenagers have degenerated from lovely angels to dreadful demons. This is a turning point because when the red guards pulled Mu Ying out of her house and started patrolling her through the city streets to get her to the school yard to sentence her, her husband came running from a street corner begging to let Mu Ying go â€Å"Please don’t take her away. It’s my fault. I haven’t disciplined her well. Please give her a change to be a new person. I promise, she won’t do it again† (Jin 155). And even though I have a feeling Mu Ying does not take the Red guard’s judging protocol as a serious punishment at that point, once she has confessed everything it all gets to her. That is when she gets the feeling that she really has humiliated and hurt her husband, because she is looking for him after she got hit with an ink bottle, only to find that he suddenly left the scene. That is the point she says she does not want to be punished after all and promises to better herself. What I saw as turning point number two becomes clear in the last paragraph, which means I did not see that really as the conclusion. It is the scene where Mu Ying is lying alone at the bus stop, saying: â€Å"Take me home. Oh, help me. Who can help me? Where are you? Why don’t you come and carry me home† (Jin 156). It is a perfect example of â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it is gone. † The second train that used its steam horn killed the husband of Mu Ying and made her a widow and truly alone. What I mean with that is that Mu Ying already felt alone because her man was not good enough for her. This feeling of loneliness combined with her husband’s underachieving partly lead to her committing adultery. Now with her husband dead, she finally exactly knows what it actually means to be alone. But moreover the story clearly shows that her husband saved her live once, after she was raped and now he again tries to get her â€Å"off the hook,† by taking the blame. Her grudge against men because of this rape is probably the other part of why she turned to adultery. It is almost shocking to observe that Mu Ying herself is not punished as the â€Å"Old Whore,† where Meng Su did not only try to take the blame, but also gets himself punished like in Old China. While the Red Guards only make her walk down every street saying the words â€Å"I am an evil monster† (Jin 160), instead of burning her alive, Meng Su is beheaded like in the old days. I strongly felt a parallel between the â€Å"blare of horns† announcing the beheading of Mu Ying’s husband. In Ha Jin’s story, the rough death of Meng Su, the husband, constitutes an â€Å"unscheduled event,† which brings White Cat and his companions to the violence of the adult world. The public denunciation of Mu Ying was no longer a thrilling scene, but something that touched them to their souls, evoking their introspection or maybe disillusion about the world. Bare Hips’s vomiting is a strong signal, indicating the shocking effect that the violence may have brought to him. After the shocking experience, they are no longer innocent adolescences, but adults struggling at the verge of understanding. This whole story turned out like a gruesome, tragic circle of misery and unanswered love to me. I think Meng Su loved Mu Ying dearly, but couldn’t take her grudge against men away that she got from the rape by the Russians. Imaginably, as a victim of the gang rape, she must have experienced a hard time of being treated with disdain. Instead of being hit to death by the accident, she has walked out of the shadow of the concept of chastity, and began to enjoy the pleasure of the flesh as well as economic benefits brought about by men, the invader of her virginity. The bitter time she has experienced has actually hardened her heart and paved the way for her further self-liberation, both physically and spiritually. Meng Su couldn’t cope with not saving her from the shame that the Red Guard trial put on her and killed himself, leaving his beloved Mu Ying really alone and helpless at the bus stop.