History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essay Example

History Of Food And Fasting Religion Essay Fasting cleanses the psyche, raises the head, subjects one s flesh to the spirit, renders the bosom contrite and low, scatters the clouds of sexual desire, quenches the fire of lecherousness, and kindles the true visible radiation of celibacy. Enter once more into yourself ( Saint Augustine, 354 430 A.D. ) . Food is one of the basic necessities of human sort but has got a batch of dimensions attached to it. Food is used as an look by assorted communities in this universe. When speaking about nutrient and its facets in context to sociology and anthropology fasting and banqueting are two inseparable words. Banquets in all faiths are backed up with fasts, which are due to grounds, but the pattern remains the same. Fasting has a long history, which is associated with faith. There are over 30 mentions to fasting in the Bible ( Old and New Testament ) . Apart from merely Christianity there are other mentions besides, and is found mentioned in the Quran, the Mahabharata, and the Upanishads. As a spiritual observation fasting has been practiced for centuries, and it doubtless, as a pattern, preceded recorded history. Many records from past say that abstention, which could be either partial or complete, from all or certain nutrients, existed in Assyria, Babylon, China, Greece, India, Palestine, Persia and Rome, and the records from the early civilisations of Mesopotamia and Egypt indicate that fasting of some type was an of import portion of spiritual pattern ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Food And Fasting Religion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Food And Fasting Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on History Of Food And Fasting Religion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fast is besides concerned with its use as a agency of retrieving and continuing wellness, but the writer s major concern in this essay is non about curative fasting. So author relates to the application of fasting as a spiritual tract, to cognize about its relevancy in cognizing history of nutrient and civilizations. Fasting is chiefly the act of volitionally abstaining from some or all nutrient, drink, or both, for a period of clip. Refering that from which one fasts, and the period of fasting, a fast may be entire or partial. It may be observed unbroken for many uninterrupted yearss, or be observed merely for certain periods during the twenty-four hours, as is the Muslim pattern during the holy month of Ramadan. Depending on the tradition, fasting patterns may prohibit sexual intercourse every bit good as nutrient, in add-on to abstaining from eating certain types of nutrients ; for illustration, meat may be refrained from ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . The writer in this essay due to restriction of words is traveling to cover merely about one faith, Islam and significance of fasting over it to cognize approximately sociological and anthropological facets of it, which is there since history and the nutrient comes along with it. Content There is both a physical and a religious fast. In the physical fast, the organic structure abstains from nutrient and drink. In the religious fast, the faster abstains from evil purposes, words and workss. One who genuinely fasts abstains from choler, fury, maliciousness, and retribution. One who genuinely fasts abstains from idle and disgusting talk, empty rhetoric, slander, disapprobation, flattery, lying and all mode of vindictive talk. In a word, a existent faster is one who withdraws from all immoralities ( Saint Basil, 329-379 A.D. ) . Muslims start fasting in the holy month of Ramadan which is the 9th month of the Islamic lunar calendar. It is the month in which Allah revealed the Holy Quran as counsel for world. Every twenty-four hours during this month, Muslims around the universe spend the daytime hours in a complete fast. Ramadan begins after the month of ShabA?n or with the visual perception of the new Moon of Ramaa?an. This visual perception is established with the testimony of one trustable informant or as some Ulama say, two. Fasting of the Predecessors O you who believe! Detecting As-Sawm [ the fasting ] is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you ( Quran 2:183 ) . There is no such grounds is to precisely when fasting started but it is clear that fasting is the pattern of all the Prophets of Allah and their followings: The Prophet ( i? ) told Muslims that DA?wA «d ( i? µ ) used to fast for half of the twelvemonth. MA «sA? ( i? µ ) observed fast for 40 yearss ( Exodus 24:18 ) . A?sA? ( Jesus ) ( i? µ ) was said to hold fasted for 40 yearss before he was called to prophet goon ( Matthew 4: 2 ) and this is what the Christians termed the Lent . That was the manner of Allah in the instance of those who passed off of old, and you will non happen any alteration in the manner of Allah ( Quran 33:62 ) . Therefore fasting was considered as an extension of the tradition approved by Allah ( i?â„ ¢ ) for all those who submit to him by the Predecessors. Two Aspects There are two facets under which Islam defines the word fasting: Literally: The Arabic word for fasting ( sawm ) is derived from the root sA?ma literally means to keep or to forbear , so fasting is forbearing fromA normal things, such as feeding, imbibing, speaking. If anyone chorus from these thing, he is considered sA?im which means the perceiver of fast. Religiously: Fasting agencies to forbear from things that invalidate the fasting from Morning Prayer clip, with purpose to delight Allah, boulder clay Sunset Prayer clip. Elementss of the Fasting in Islam There are assorted elements which are to be kept in head by a Muslim whilst maintaining fast which are explained by the writer below: Purpose It is obligatory for the fasting individual to corroborate his/her connotation before Morning Prayer ( SalA?t al-Fajr ) clip. The Prophet said: He who does non mean during the dark to fast, so there be no fast for him as cited by An-NasaI ( 2009 ) . However, most of Ulama affirm that one can corroborate 1s purpose one time at the beginning of the month of Ramadan, and this will be sufficient to fast all the yearss of this holy month. The bosom is the topographic point of connotation and to express it verbally is non established from the Prophet or the Companions. Therefore one can do in 1s bosom connotation before traveling to kip. Refraining Food and Drink Sexual activityA Masturbation However, Ramadan is much more than avoiding nutrient, H2O, and abstaining from other physical demands, it is besides: Refraining of the bosom and the head from evil, ideas. Refraining of the lingua from evil words. Refraining of other organic structure parts from evil actions. As consequence, every portion of the organic structure must be restrained. The lingua must be restrained from chitchat, backbiting, dissing and cursing. The eyes must keep themselves from looking at improper things. The manus must non make any out things. The ears must forbear from listening to tick over talk or obscene words. The pess must forbear from traveling to iniquitous topographic points. In such a manner, every portion of the organic structure observes the fast. Therefore, fasting is the entire committedness of the individual s organic structure and psyche to the spirit of the fast. Ramadan is a clip to pattern temperateness. The Prophet said as cited by BukhA?rA « ( 3.127 ) : Whoever does non give up forged address and evil actions, Allah is non in demand of his go forthing his nutrient and imbibe aˆÂ ¦ [ i.e. ] Allah will non accept his fasting . Duration ( of Sawm ) Fasting starts everyday in Ramadan from the slow beginning of morning: Morning Prayer ( SalA?t al-Fajr ) clip till sunset: Sunset Prayer ( SalA?t al-maghrib ) clip. Muslim must keep tight to this continuance, if non his fast will be invalidated. Muslim Fasts As per Ulama the fasts are classified into four classs, defined below: Prescribed fast ( fara? ) Prohibited fast. ( a?arA?m ) Supererogatory fast. ( Sunnah ) Disapproved fast. ( makrA «h ) Prescribed Fast The prescribed fasts are: Fast of the month of Ramadan. Fast of QadA? It is the brand up for the yearss of Ramadan on which the fast was invalidated accidentally. Fast of kaffA?rah It is the expiatory and atonement fasts, among them are fasts for nonvoluntary homicide, fasts for expiation of: A broken curse. A vow. Not holding observed the prescribed fast of Ramadan. Prohibited Fasts 1st of ShawwA?l ( Eid al-Fia? ­r ) . 10th of Zula?ijjah ( Eid al-Aa?a?A? ) . 11th, 12th and 13th of a?’ula?ijjah. On these yearss fasting is purely prohibited. So the fast of qada can non be observed on these yearss. Supererogatory Fasts In Islam fasting is considered recommended on all the yearss of the twelvemonth except those on which it has been prohibited. But there are yearss whose fast has been specifically stressed and they include: 3 yearss of each month, sooner the moonlit yearss ( al-ayyA?m al-bA «a? ) , which are the 13th, 14th and 15th of each lunar month. Day of Arafah ( 9th of Dhul a? ¤ijjah ) . Several yearss of the months of Dhu al-Qidah, Dhu al-a? ¤ijjah, Mua?arram, Rajab. 6 yearss of ShawwA?l. Most of ShabA?n. Mondays and Thursdays. The twenty-four hours of AˆshA «rA? alone or with a twenty-four hours after or before it. Disapproved Fasts It is disapproved to individual out Fridays and Saturdays for fasting. Fasting on the twenty-four hours ( yawm ash-shak ) which is merely before the month of Ramadan or the two yearss merely before Ramadan. Fasting consecutively all yearss of the twelvemonth. The 3 yearss which follow Eid al-Aa?a?A? ( ayyA?m at-tashrA «q ) . Importance of Fasting There are two chief grounds for which a Muslim keeps fast, which are: Principles of Islam As per Allah s Apostle as cited by BukhA?rA « : Islam is based on the undermentioned five rules: To attest that there is no divinity except Allah and that Muhammad is Allah s Messenger. To offer the ( mandatory congregational ) supplications on a regular basis and absolutely. To pay ZakA?h ( i.e. obligatory charity ) . To execute Hajj ( i.e. Pilgrimage to Mecca ) . To ever maintain fast during the month of Ramadan. Fasting is one of the pillars of the Islamic religion. No cogent evidence is required to set up its being obligatory, and whoever denies fasting goes out of the crease of Islam. Obligatory responsibility ( fara? ) The other ground is that, fasting was said on Muslims in the 2nd twelvemonth of the a? ¤ijrah. Significance of Ramadan The Prophet said ( Muslim Book 6: p.2361 ) : When there comes the month of Ramadan, The Gatess of clemencies are opened. The Gatess of Hell are locked. The Satans are chained. All old wickednesss will be forgiven. The Prophet said as cited by Bukhari ( 3.125 ) : aˆÂ ¦ And whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan out of sincere religion, and trusting for a wages from Allah, so all his old wickednesss will be forgiven. Ramadan comprehends the Night of Power which is better than 1000 months: sing the wagess of executing good workss in it. The Holy Quran revealed in Ramadan Koran which is true counsel for world, as believed by the Muslim community should be recited a batch in Ramadan in order to maintain us in the consecutive way. Umrah with particular wages Umrah preformed in Ramadan peers, in wagess executing, pilgrims journey with the prophesier. Smell of musk: The odor coming out from the oral cavity of a fasting individual is better, in the sight of Allah, than the odor of musk. Jannah is decorated In everyday of Ramadan, Allah decorates the Jannah ( Paradise ) and addresses it stating, It is non excessively far that my righteous retainers shall throw away the loads ( of the secular life ) and shall continue towards you ( Anonymous, 2009 ) . Amnesty In the last dark of this month, the fasting individual is granted amnesty. Who Must Fast A ; Who Can non? Harmonizing to the Islam, Allah has made fasting the month of Ramadan compulsory uponA every: Muslim, Adult, Reasonable, Not going, Muslim who has nil such as a?aya? ( Menstruation ) or nifA?s ( Post-Natal Bleeding ) to forestall him/her from making so. But, there are following individuals who are exempt from fasting, by Islam: The insane, Non adolescent Fast is non required of kids until they reach the age of pubescence. The marks of pubescence are: Growth of pubic hair. Happening of wet dreams. Menstrual period ( female ) . Person with the age of 15 and none of these marks have occurred. The aged and inveterate ill for whom fasting is unreasonably striving. Such individuals are required to feed at least one hapless individual every twenty-four hours in Ramadan for which he/she has missed fasting. Pregnant adult females and nursing can prorogue their fasting. The ailment and the travellers can besides prorogue their fasting. Females during the period of menses or after childbirth parturiency. Fasting during these periods is out and can be made up subsequently, a twenty-four hours for a twenty-four hours. Annulment of Fasts as per Islam Harmonizing to Islamic norms there are certain things which invalidate fast and are ever kept in head by Muslims in the month of Ramadan, which are of two sorts: One requires qaa?A? ( merely doing up lost yearss ) . The other requires qaa?A? and kaffA?rah ( atonement ) , at the same clip. Thingss that require do up ( Qada ) merely are: Feeding deliberately This includes non-nourishing nutrient Doctor of Optometry potable points taken by oral cavity. For illustration, while doing wudu, if a bead of H2O faux pass into the pharynx accidentally. Vomiting Intentionally doing one to throw up. The beginning of menses / post-childbirth shed blooding even in the last minute before sundown ( merely in instance of females ) . Seminal emanation Ejaculation while touching, snoging or fondling adult females for grounds other than sexual Congress. The purpose to stop the prescribed fast Intending to interrupt the fast before sunset even if one changes his head, since purpose is one of the pre-requisites of the cogency of fasting. Mistaken premise Eating, imbibing or holding intercourse after morning on the misguided premise that it is non dawn yet. Similarly, prosecuting in these Acts of the Apostless before Maghrib on the misguided premise that it is already sunset. Injection: Injection invalidates the prescribed fast and requires the fast to be made up. Thingss that require doing up the fast ( Qada ) and besides atonement ( Kaffarah ) are: Eating Drinking Sexual intercourse These 3 Acts of the Apostless are apt to kaffarah when they are committed intentionally after one has started a fast. Kaffarh may be given in the undermentioned three ways severally: Fring a slave. Fasting for two months invariably without a interruption. Giving nutrient to sixty individuals. Since bondage has come to an terminal in today s universe, merely the latter two ways can be adopted today. But Islam says that the individual who has strength adequate to fast for two month invariably has been bound to fast. He can non follow the 3rd manner, i.e. giving nutrient to sixty individuals. If he is excessively weak to fast for such a big figure of yearss, he can give kaffarah be giving nutrient to sixty individuals. The above mentioned things do non annul the fast unless the fasting individual meets the undermentioned three conditions: He must be cognizant of the opinion of what he has done. He must retrieve ( i.e. forgetfulness does non annul the fast ) He must make it deliberately. Ramadan Eve Here are a figure of things which are practiced by a Muslim on Ramadan Eve and which can non be neglected for the successful completion of the forfeits a Muslim brand in the month of Ramadan in footings of nutrient, energy, etc. Tarawih Prayer TarA?wA «h Prayer or the Night Prayer ( SalA?t QiyA?m al-Layl ) is performed by the truster in fold during the month of Ramadan. It can besides be performed entirely at place. Suhoor ( pre-dawn repast ) Moslems should do certain that they eat and drink something at suhA «r and should seek to detain it until merely before al-Fajr Prayer time.A The Prophet said as cited by Al-Bukhaari ( Fath, 4/139 ) : Have suhoor, for in suhoor there is blessing ( barakah ) . The Purpose It is obligatory for the fasting individual to corroborate his/her connotation before Morning Prayer clip. The Prophet said: He who does non mean during the dark to fast, so there be no fast for him . It is the right clip that one should do its connotation after suhoor or before traveling to kip. Etiquettes of Interrupting the Fast The Prophetic etiquettes of interrupting the fast are given below: One should rush to interrupt the fast. Equally shortly as the Call of Sunset Prayer is ( Athan Salat al-Maghrib ) said one should get down to interrupt the fast instantly. The Prophet said: My state will stay in goodness every bit long as they break the fast every bit shortly as it is due [ Muslim ] . Stating Bismillah and the fast breakage dua : Demanding Allah anything in demand because the supplication ( dua ) upon interrupting fast is answered. Interrupt the fast by eating 3 rutabs ( damp day of the months ) , or tamr ( dry day of the months ) , or even drinking H2O. The Prophet said: Break your fast with a day of the month or with H2O because it is pure [ Abu Dawud and Tirmidhi ] . Using 1s right manus while feeding. Gluttony is violative and unhealthy after fasting and full tummy will non assist you o pray TA?rA?wA «h. The Prophet said: Enough for a human being to hold luqaymat ( from 3 to 9 mouthfuls ) that prop up his spinal column and, if he must hold more [ in his tummy ] , so one tierce of nutrient, one tierce of H2O, and one tierce of air . Not holding nutrients ( such as garlic, onions, etc. ) that cause bad breath, bubbling and gas, is out of regard for the mosques and those who attend them. Performing Sunset Prayer at mosque, if it is close, or in a group at place. Night of Power As per Quran, the Night of Power is better than a 1000 months. Therein descends the Angels and the Spirit by Allah s permission, on every errand and state Peace ( continuously ) till the rise of Morning! ( Quran 97:1-5 ) . Quran was revealed in Ramadan in Night of Power ( Lailat-ut Qadr ) . Muslims believe that the title in this dark is better than the wagess of workss of 1,000 months ( about 83.3 old ages ) . The dark is in the last 10 yearss of Ramadan and normally in one of the uneven yearss ( i.e. 21, 23, 25, 27 and 29th ) . At this dark a Muslim is expected to: Perform nawafil ( voluntary supplications ) . Make Quran recitation. Say invocations ( duas ) . Attending talks on spiritual subjects. Do itikaf: Moslems are expected to be in privateness ( itikaf ) during the last 10 yearss of Ramadan because no 1 knows exactly which of the uneven yearss is the dark of Power, and the best topographic point to be in privacy is in the mosque. Retreat ( ItikA?f ) Retreat is to prosecute and to give something either good / bad or to prosecute in a retreat in the mosque and remain at that place with the purpose of delighting Allah. It has no clip bound ; either short or long periods of clip are acceptable. ZakA?t al-Fitr ZakA?t al-Fitr is frequently referred to as Sadaqah al-Fitr. The word Fitr means interrupting a fast and it comes from the same root word as Futoor ( Arabic ) which means breakfast. Therefore, Islamically, ZakA?t al-Fitr means fast-breaking or fast-ending contribution which is paid at the terminal of Ramadan. Sadaqah al-Fitr is a responsibility which is obligatory on every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or grownup every bit long as he/she has the agencies to make so. A The cogent evidence that this signifier of charity is mandatory can be found in the Sunnah whereby Ibn `Umar reported that the Prophet made Zakaah al-Fitr compulsory on every slave, freewoman, male, female, immature and old among the Muslims ; one Saa` of dried day of the months or one Saa` of hardly ( Bukhari Arabic/English, vol. 2, p. 339, no. 579 ) . The caput of the family may pay the needed sum for the other members. Abu Saeed al-Khudree said, On behalf of our immature and old, free work forces and slaves ; we used to take out during Allah s Messenger s life-time one Saa` of grain, cheese or raisins ( Muslim English transl. vol. 2, p. 469, no. 2155 ) . The chief intent of Zakaah al-Fitr is to supply those who fasted with the agencies of doing up for their mistakes during the month of fasting. Zakaah al-Fitr besides provides the hapless with a agencies with which they can observe the festival of interrupting the fast ( `Eed al-Fitr ) along with the remainder of the Muslims. This signifier of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last twenty-four hours of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of Salaah al-Eed ( i.e. shortly after dawn on the undermentioned twenty-four hours ) . However, it can be paid prior to the above mentioned period, as many of Companions of the Prophet ( i? ) used to pay Sadaqah al-Fitr a couple yearss before the `Eed. If one misses the clip period without a good ground, he has sinned and can non do it up. The sum of Zakaah is the same for everyone regardless of their different income brackets. The minimal sum is one SA?` ( two kg and 40 gms of good wheat ) of nutrient, grain or dried fruit for each member of the household. Night of Eid It had been the pattern of the Prophet Muhammad that he would non kip in the dark predating the twenty-four hours of Eid al-Fitr, the terminal of Ramadan. This dark has been named in a tradition as the Night of Reward . God bestows his wagess on those who have spent the month of Ramadan staying by the dictates of Islamic jurisprudence, and all their supplications and supplication in this dark are accepted. Therefore, it is desirable to execute voluntary supplications in this night.A As per Prophet: Whoever stands up in worship in the darks predating the two Eids anticipating wagess from his Lord, his bosom will non decease when the other Black Marias will decease. To profit from this chance, one should execute as much worship in this dark as one can, and should pray for all one s demands and desires. Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr, frequently referred to as Eid, is the three twenty-four hours festival that marks the terminal of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. Eid is an Arabic word significance celebration , while Fia? ­r means to breakfast ; and symbolizes the breakage of the fasting period. It is celebrated after the terminal of the Islamic month of Ramadan, on the first twenty-four hours of Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar. Eid ul-Fitr is sometimes besides known as the Smaller Eid as compared to the Eid ul-Adha that lasts four yearss and is called the Greater Eid . Moslems are commanded by the Quran to finish their fast on the last twenty-four hours of Ramadan and so declaim the Takbir all throughout the period of Eid ( Quran 2:185 ) . Muslim greet each other by stating A?d mubA?rak ( Blessed Eid ) or A?d saA «d ( Happy Eid ) . In add-on, many states have their ain salutations based on local linguistic communication and traditions. Typically, Muslims wake up early in the forenoon and have a little breakfast ( as a mark of non being on a fast on that twenty-four hours ) of sooner the day of the month fruit, before go toing a particular Eid supplication ( salat ) that is performed in fold at mosques or unfastened countries like Fieldss, squares, etc. By and large all Muslims frock in their best apparels ( new if possible ) at this twenty-four hours. The Eid supplication is followed by the khutbah ( discourse ) and so a invocation ( dua ) inquiring for forgiveness, clemency and aid for all living existences across the universe. The khutbah besides instructs Muslims as to the public presentation of rites of Eid, such as the zakat. It is so customary to encompass the individuals sitting on either side of one, whilst recognizing them. After the supplications, people besides visit their relations, friends and familiarities and some people besides pay visits to the cemeteries ( ziyarat al-qubur ) .

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence Do you love the look of neon signs, but want an inexpensive alternative that you can customize to say whatever you want? You can make a fake neon sign using fluorescence to make inexpensive common materials glow. Fake Neon Sign Materials You only need a few basic materials for this project. Flexible plastic tubing (usually sold as aquarium tubing)Glue gunCardboard or other stiff backing for your signFluorescent highlighter pen or laundry detergentWaterBlack light Make the Fake Neon The plastic tubing will glow blue under a black light, so technically this project will work if you simply form a sign with the tubing and illuminate it with a black light (ultraviolet lamp). However, youll get a much brighter glow if you fill the tubing with a fluorescent liquid, such as a small amount of laundry detergent dissolved in water (bright blue) or a fluorescent highlighter ink pad in water (available in various colors). Tip: A lot of highlighter pens called fluorescent markers arent actually fluorescent. Write a quick note on paper and shine a black light on it to determine whether or not the ink fluoresces. Yellow almost always glows. Blue rarely does. Make the Sign Design Practice forming the word you want on your sign so that you can get an idea of how much tubing will be required.Cut the tubing somewhat longer than what you think you will need.Fill the plastic tubing with your fake neon. Put one end of the tubing into the fluorescent liquid and raise it higher than the other end of the tubing. Place the lower end of the tubing into a cup so you wont have a big mess. Let gravity pull the liquid down the tube.When the tubing is filled with liquid, seal its ends with beads of hot glue. Allow the glue to cool before proceeding to make sure you have a good seal on your neon.Apply hot glue to stick the tubing to the backing you have selected. Form the word for your sign. If you are making a sign that uses multiple words, you will need separate tubes for each word.If you have excess tubing, carefully cut the end and seal it with hot glue.Illuminate the sign by turning on a black light. A fluorescent light fixture will provide some glow, but for a bright ne on appearance, use a black light.

Reflection of Class International Marketing Essay

Reflection of Class International Marketing - Essay Example that this is one of the best courses I have ever taken as it opened my eyes on how culture plays an important factor in business operation, choose between standardized or localized approaches in marketing, conduct country and market analysis, and understand entry strategies. The most interesting lesson presented in the class has been how culture contributes to and hinders the success of a business organization opting to expand in other countries. This course opened my eyes why there is no â€Å"one size fits all† strategy for different markets. It stressed the importance of business organizations’ adaptation to the economies where they operate. I believe that these points are very much important to the growing me-economy where customers demand highly unique products in order to address their individual needs. After the course, I believe that a company’s success hinges on its ability to evolve and recreate itself in order to suit the needs and preferences of the market. After all, this is what marketing is all about. I also have to mention that I enjoyed all the aspects of world culture presented in the class. It is exciting to note the differing consumer perceptions around the globe. I highly appreciate the professor’s strong encouragement for us students to participate in the class activities. I should also say that I have not been as active as my classmates because of my quiet personality. However, even for a silent and shy person like me, I have to admit that my colleague’s participation really made the class a fun experience. Participation makes learning more engaging and easier. Honestly, I have built friendships in the class which is very uncommon as I always find it very hard to open up myself and ideas to other individuals. Our class has truly provided a fertile ground for academic and social development. I know I have a lot to thank my professor

Hate Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hate - Coursework Example This project will discuss the relationship of hate and psychology as they have been applied to past and current events and how they have been applied to the theories that have been developed. The second section will present how these theories present contradictory evidence whether it is a group or an individual. A short evaluation of this research project will conclude this paper with the writer's personal views of what type of psychology is needed in studying hate. Behavioural Psychology is a theory that all behaviours are gained through conditioning: classical & operant. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Classical conditioning have two elements, the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant Conditioning is the association between the behaviour and the consequence for that behaviour. From this conditioning, the learning theory was developed. Negative behaviour can be eliminated by taking away the benefit. A person's behaviour is learned b y the consequences which can be external forces. His conscious is changed by the rewards he receives. Adolf Eichmann as seen by a behavioural psychologist would have learned a set of rules and been conditioned to have positive consequences. "When these basic, underlying, human standards (behaviours) are cross culture and are human, there are no longer any societal rules for criticising what is good and what is bad. It was considered normal what was going on in Germany. (Goble 110) Social Psychology is focused on the situation. Eichmann's defence was that he was simply following instructions when he ordered the death of millions of Jews. In his 1974 book Obedience to Authority, Milgram posed the question, "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?" One person in history, one concept of hate is compared to two types of psychology. Social Psychology is focused on the situation. Behavioural Psyc hology is focused on the consequences of the reward of the individual. Social Psychology - SSM Theory Behavioural Psychology- Learning Theory Social Psychology in simple terms tells how people act, when they are with other people. Group behaviour, conformity, interaction, perception, prejudice and leadership are all taken into account. In 2003, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) finished an eight year study which has become the universal Seven-Stage Hate Model (SHM) The SHM is a predictive tool that tracks hate groups from inception to full maturity. A hate group, if not stopped, passes through seven successive stages. In the first four stages, hate groups vocalize their beliefs and in the last three stages, they act on their beliefs. There is contradictory evidence in the original study and the universal SHM between the distinction of passing from stage 3 to 4 as they are often interchanged. In 2003, the model was presented by the FBI as: 1. The Haters gather 2. The Hate gro up defines itself 3. The Hate Group disparages the target 4. The Hate Group taunts the target 5. The Hate Group attacks without weapons 6. The Hate Group attacks with weapons 7. The Hate Group destroys the target A transition period exists between verbal violence and acting that violence out. Prior to the groups transition to acting out violence interdiction has the greatest probability of success. The Seven-Stage Hate Model can be used to predict violence before it occurs. Observers can track

Identity and Belonging Essay Example for Free

Identity and Belonging Essay My family and I left the Kabul for Pakistan in 1995. Our dream was a better life a life which we could sleep a night with peace a life which we could walk with no fair. Me and my father we were working as labour for a small company, it was 50/km far from our home and we were going there by my dad`s bicycle. The work was hard everything was hard there, but when I was coming home and looking that my brothers and sisters are having book to read and they are going to school, we have something to eat and no one is here try to kill us I was felling like i have everything. With our straggle and hard working in 1999 my dad buy a house we moved there our life was becoming more comfortable we were happy. But we didn’t know that now something really bad is running after us. A really nasty day my dad was sick at home I was coming from work it was 7pm, I saw a car blocked my way four guy was standing beside the care they abused me with a really bad language and said come to car, i run to fight with them two of them took out the gun and shot near to my feat , one of them came near to me and hit me with the gun I fall down, when I weak up, it was a dark house my head was full of blood. I remember, the days which my dad was taken to Taliban’s prising because he was translator of American embassy. My dad was too keen that get him out of that, for me it was impossible. After six years, here is now three more guys with me, they are using us as cleaner dish washer cocks any kind of work. Every day we were planning to escape from there but we couldn’t. In 2009 we scaped from there but just three of us get succeed. I came back to Pakistan to find my family but no one was there they escaped from Pakistan too. I didn’t know where to go i went to my dad`s friend place, he told me my dad went to Iran and after 5 years he went to Australia, so my dad and all the family was in Australia. I was really happy by hearing that because they were save now. I get the number and call him, he told me he will sponsor me and i will be there in just one year but it was too hard to stay one day because the Taliban’s were still after me. So i chooses illegal way to came to us, went to Indonesia we were 80 people in boat a small boat, he told me he will sponsor me and i will be there in just one year but it was too hard to stay one day because the Taliban’s were still after me.

Realtor - Adding Value During the Purchase of a Home :: Free Essay Writer

Realtor - Adding Value During the Purchase of a Home Convenient. It’s the word that consumers want to come before anything they do. Make it easy. Make it simple. This comes into play more so than ever when the consumer is buying a house. Real Estate companies are beginning to offer their customers convenience. Buying a house can be considered one of the most time consuming and difficult purchases a person may ever make in a lifetime. To ease the strain and possibly keep a home buyer or seller as a customer for life, services are being offered where the utilities will be hooked up before moving in, phone turned on, cable ready to watch, boxes of trash from moving can be picked up without missing a scheduled day, and there might even be mail waiting in the box when the moving truck pulls up. Realtors are getting more involved in simplifying the process. Another aspect for Prudential is contractor referral services. Move in, don’t like the carpet this time, the realtors will sup-ply you with lists of names. DOES THE REALTOR GET A PERCENTAGE OF THE CONTRAC-TORS PAYMENT. DO THE CONTRACTORS PAY TO BE ON THE LIST. According to Prudential, the process to get started is simple and will boil down multiple calls to the different utilities to one 20-minute phone call to a Homessentials’ representative. According to Jerry Y. Speer, current president of the Pennsylvania Association of realtors, the "package services" have been around for 10-12 years. He said over the years a lot of com-panies have offered incentives for their clientele but he "hasn’t seen these becom any big success." Some by using coupon books that give new homeowners discounts at local stores. Although Speer can’t see these "incentives" as a reason why a person would choose a particu-lar Realtor or buy a certain house.

UK Post-War Welfare Settlements

Compare and contrast the trends in the ‘settling' & ‘unsettling' of the political, economic & social settlements for the UK social policies relating to health care and social housing. (Approx 2 pages) Explain and illustrate the broad nature of the UK post-war welfare settlements (namely political, economic, social & organizational) and their reconstruction in the 1980s and 1990s. In what ways has the discourse of management affected the above two areas of social policy (i. e. health care & social housing). In the United Kingdom, after the destruction weathered by the British populace during World War II and the subsequent poverty weathered by so many of the British peoples, the argument for the right of universal public services or the creation of an all-encompassing welfare state became popular. The idea that all British citizens had the innate right to accessible roads and a clean and healthy environment was extended to education, social housing, and to health services. Even then, however, there was some disagreement within Parliament about extending such social welfare programs to all, namely that of â€Å"cost. Selectivity is often presented as being more efficient: less money is spent to better effect. There are problems with selective services,† because â€Å"recipients have to be identified, the services can be administratively complex and expensive to run, and there are often boundary problems caused by trying to include some people while excluding others. Selective services sometimes fail to reach people in need,† and to limit the elitism that had so often marked policies in the past, universalism was adopted as the ethos of all social policy programs in the United Kingdom. Thus, unlike the solidarity system of social policy adopted in France, which attempts to provide care via mutually shred social obligations, the United Kingdom created what could be called ‘unsettling' challenge to its former institutional system of social welfare. It created a new system, one in which need was accepted as a normal part of all British citizens social live. (â€Å"Social Policy,† 2005) This guarantee of minimum standards included a minimum income for all Britans. (â€Å"The Welfare State, 2005) The United Kingdom became a unitary state in which central government substantially directed most government activities of social welfare policy, rather than leaving the enforcement of these policies to private industry. (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Welfare such as universal health care for all citizens was provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as public services like roads, and the school system was rendered more accessible to all, as students who distinguished themselves received government support for their educations. In an institutional system, welfare is not just for the poor: it is for everyone. † The Beveridge Report of 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three cornerstones, of equal family allowances, a national health service, and the goal of full employment-this created a new idea of natural human rights than had existed before in England, and settled the question of what constituted innate human rights for the next decades, until the event of Thatcherism in the 1980's. (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Eventually, the Beveridge Report â€Å"became a major propaganda weapon, with both major parties committed to its introduction,† because of its popularity. During the war, the coalition government had already committed itself to full employment through free universal secondary education, and the introduction of family allowances, and the right to public housing for all in the form of such innovations council flats as part of the war effort, but unlike the United States social welfare policies during World War II, the British government made a commitment to retaining this philosophy and these formal institutions even after the end of conflict. â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) After World War II, all references to the working classes were removed from British laws. â€Å"The replacement of the housing stock, particularly through clearances, became council housing's main role, with mass building. The subsidies favoured industrial, high-rise building, though this was often more expensive than the alternatives. Quantity was more important than quality. (Housing and Urban Policy,† 2005) When the Labour Government was elected in 1945 it introduced three key acts: the 1946 National Insurance Act, which implemented the Beveridge scheme for social security and old-age pensions, the National Health Service Act 1946; and the 1948 National Assistance Act, which abolished the Poor Law while making provision for welfare services such as housing. † (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Thus, the United Kingdom became a unitary state in which central government substantially directed most government activity. However, during the 1980's and 1990's, the rise of Thatcherism began to bring a new ethos to the land. In terms of social housing policy, for example, â€Å"the growth of owner-occupation in Britain† based on tax advantages became more common in the 1980s and 1990s. The Building Societie once founded on a social, co-operative and non-profit making basis, became banks during these decades, abandoning the original â€Å"mutualist tradition† on which they had been founded. â€Å"Housing and Urban Policy,† 2005) In terms of health care, in the 1980s, Enthoven, an American economist, made an influential criticism of National Health Services' organization. Enthoven argued that the NHS was â€Å"inefficient, riddled with perverse incentives and resistance to change,† and in the need of capitalist styles of management. â€Å"The reforms which followed were based in the belief that the NHS would be more efficient if it was organised on something more like market principles. Enthoven argued for a split between purchaser and provider, so that Health Authorities could exercise more effective control over costs and production. The NHS administration was broken up into quasi-autonomous trusts from which authorities bought services. The role of Regional Health Authorities was taken over by eight regional offices of the NHS management executive. † (â€Å"Health Care,† 2005) The United Kingdom to this day retains the mangerial innovations (or setbacks) depending on one's point of view of the Thatcher era. Thatcher was unable to institute some politically unpopular and reactionary ideas, such as a poll tax, during the decline of her power, but the privitization of health care and housing continued, as did such policies as asking for students to pay for more of their post-secondary educations, and limiting social welfare policies within the United Kingdom. The welfare system in the United Kingdom remains universalist in theory, but less and less universalist in practice after the ending decades of the 20th century required the government to make cutting costs and competing in the global marketplace the bywords of political rhetoric and policy. UK Post-War Welfare Settlements Compare and contrast the trends in the ‘settling' & ‘unsettling' of the political, economic & social settlements for the UK social policies relating to health care and social housing. (Approx 2 pages) Explain and illustrate the broad nature of the UK post-war welfare settlements (namely political, economic, social & organizational) and their reconstruction in the 1980s and 1990s. In what ways has the discourse of management affected the above two areas of social policy (i. e. health care & social housing). In the United Kingdom, after the destruction weathered by the British populace during World War II and the subsequent poverty weathered by so many of the British peoples, the argument for the right of universal public services or the creation of an all-encompassing welfare state became popular. The idea that all British citizens had the innate right to accessible roads and a clean and healthy environment was extended to education, social housing, and to health services. Even then, however, there was some disagreement within Parliament about extending such social welfare programs to all, namely that of â€Å"cost. Selectivity is often presented as being more efficient: less money is spent to better effect. There are problems with selective services,† because â€Å"recipients have to be identified, the services can be administratively complex and expensive to run, and there are often boundary problems caused by trying to include some people while excluding others. Selective services sometimes fail to reach people in need,† and to limit the elitism that had so often marked policies in the past, universalism was adopted as the ethos of all social policy programs in the United Kingdom. Thus, unlike the solidarity system of social policy adopted in France, which attempts to provide care via mutually shred social obligations, the United Kingdom created what could be called ‘unsettling' challenge to its former institutional system of social welfare. It created a new system, one in which need was accepted as a normal part of all British citizens social live. (â€Å"Social Policy,† 2005) This guarantee of minimum standards included a minimum income for all Britans. (â€Å"The Welfare State, 2005) The United Kingdom became a unitary state in which central government substantially directed most government activities of social welfare policy, rather than leaving the enforcement of these policies to private industry. (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Welfare such as universal health care for all citizens was provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as public services like roads, and the school system was rendered more accessible to all, as students who distinguished themselves received government support for their educations. In an institutional system, welfare is not just for the poor: it is for everyone. † The Beveridge Report of 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three cornerstones, of equal family allowances, a national health service, and the goal of full employment-this created a new idea of natural human rights than had existed before in England, and settled the question of what constituted innate human rights for the next decades, until the event of Thatcherism in the 1980's. (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Eventually, the Beveridge Report â€Å"became a major propaganda weapon, with both major parties committed to its introduction,† because of its popularity. During the war, the coalition government had already committed itself to full employment through free universal secondary education, and the introduction of family allowances, and the right to public housing for all in the form of such innovations council flats as part of the war effort, but unlike the United States social welfare policies during World War II, the British government made a commitment to retaining this philosophy and these formal institutions even after the end of conflict. â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) After World War II, all references to the working classes were removed from British laws. â€Å"The replacement of the housing stock, particularly through clearances, became council housing's main role, with mass building. The subsidies favoured industrial, high-rise building, though this was often more expensive than the alternatives. Quantity was more important than quality. (Housing and Urban Policy,† 2005) When the Labour Government was elected in 1945 it introduced three key acts: the 1946 National Insurance Act, which implemented the Beveridge scheme for social security and old-age pensions, the National Health Service Act 1946; and the 1948 National Assistance Act, which abolished the Poor Law while making provision for welfare services such as housing. † (â€Å"Social Policy in the United Kingdom,† 2005) Thus, the United Kingdom became a unitary state in which central government substantially directed most government activity. However, during the 1980's and 1990's, the rise of Thatcherism began to bring a new ethos to the land. In terms of social housing policy, for example, â€Å"the growth of owner-occupation in Britain† based on tax advantages became more common in the 1980s and 1990s. The Building Societie once founded on a social, co-operative and non-profit making basis, became banks during these decades, abandoning the original â€Å"mutualist tradition† on which they had been founded. â€Å"Housing and Urban Policy,† 2005) In terms of health care, in the 1980s, Enthoven, an American economist, made an influential criticism of National Health Services' organization. Enthoven argued that the NHS was â€Å"inefficient, riddled with perverse incentives and resistance to change,† and in the need of capitalist styles of management. â€Å"The reforms which followed were based in the belief that the NHS would be more efficient if it was organised on something more like market principles. Enthoven argued for a split between purchaser and provider, so that Health Authorities could exercise more effective control over costs and production. The NHS administration was broken up into quasi-autonomous trusts from which authorities bought services. The role of Regional Health Authorities was taken over by eight regional offices of the NHS management executive. † (â€Å"Health Care,† 2005) The United Kingdom to this day retains the mangerial innovations (or setbacks) depending on one's point of view of the Thatcher era. Thatcher was unable to institute some politically unpopular and reactionary ideas, such as a poll tax, during the decline of her power, but the privitization of health care and housing continued, as did such policies as asking for students to pay for more of their post-secondary educations, and limiting social welfare policies within the United Kingdom. The welfare system in the United Kingdom remains universalist in theory, but less and less universalist in practice after the ending decades of the 20th century required the government to make cutting costs and competing in the global marketplace the bywords of political rhetoric and policy.