E-Collaboration for E-Businesses

E-Collaboration for E-Businesses1. Working TitleHow does the mystifyment of e- collaborationism provide e- bloodes with a private-enterprise(a) advantage?2. IntroductionE-Collaboration, a relatively new idea that is shaping the way we do business organization. The development of this model has seen recent advances in inter-enterprise software and communication technologies which are shaping the way for digitalisation, mass communication, and world(prenominal)isation. This emerging business tool has the expertness to change the traditional foundations of business relationships. This report explores the concept of developing e-collaboration for e-businesses and the competitive advantage it provides to B2B (Business to Business), through the meaning of secondary qualitative research, books, journals, the profits and shared company knowledge.3. Literature Review3.1 Defining E-CollaborationGoonatilake et al. (2009) state that e-collaboration is the hold of internet and related t echnologies to assist distant clients in exchanging information for interactions between suppliers and customers, and e actuallyone in between to move trade forward. Kock (2002) supports the aforementioned definition by identifying e-collaboration at an operational level as being a collaboration utilising electronic technologies amongst dissimilar case-by-cases to achieve a common goal.E-Collaboration is a tool that breaks the boundaries of activities involving buying and selling. As cited in Samtani (2002, p.8) The Gartner Group believed that by 2005 nearly half of all(prenominal) Web-based commerce would be collaborative. Not only has collaboration become firmly established inside many businesses it has changed many business models to incorporate B2B (Business to Business) integrations.The reasons for companies utilising e-commerce are mainly driven by the need to share resources and information. Wanga, Y. (Unknown, p.3) states that in collaborating the participating companies are sharing the issue chain the cost reduction, JIT operate automation, increased potential opportunities on partnership, and the flexibility and adaptability. Samtani (2002, p.9) concurs with the above reasons for collaborating believing that it leads to shared databases, open tracking dodgings, enhanced inter-enterprise visibility and cooperation, streamlined business processes, new cost efficiencies and an expanded customer base for every collaborative partner.3.2 B2B Model IPC E-Business allow for chain committee (2000) state The business-to-business (B2B) model is oftentimes more complex compared to the business-to commerce (B2C) model, which is more prevalent today. B2B frustrates the full spectrum of business processes, from stark(a) material to the consumer.IPC E-Business Supply chain committee (2000)The diagram visualises the key elements of an e- collaborated e-business and its ability to manage end-to-end business transactions. As the trend towards proscribeds ourcing in the electronics industry continues to develop it is essential that all the main components are interlined OEMs, EMS Providers, PCB Fabricators, Raw Material Suppliers and Component Suppliers to allow for automated processes.3.2 ExtranetExtranet is the term utilize for a private network within an organisation and other clients/suppliers who receive access rights. Extranets convey the ability to automate processes improving the business relationships. Businesses are currently more pressured into online ordering and inventory care because of their attractive benefits.Information is freely available 24/7 making communication easier between suppliers. Any changes needed to be made are truthful in comparison to the traditional slow study form saving time. Inventory and order processing nookie be easily changed with come to the fore the delay of the post. some other added benefit of utilising an extranet is a much more effective collaboration and synchronization between clients. (Benefits of intranets and extranets, 2009) Business becomes more flexible with negotiable working hours because of their ordering system being connected 24/7.3.3 EDI and APIEDI is a tool that can be used by business to communicate with other businesses or suppliers. It reduces the need for paper documentation and reduces cycle time dramatically. PCMag.com, (Accessed November 2009) define it as being the electronic communication of business transactions, such(prenominal) as orders, confirmations and invoices, between organizations.API is the application that enables EDI. It is a political platform that connects the companies together and standardises the layout of the data being transmitted so that it becomes meaningful to both parties involved.3.4 OutsourcingOutsourcing is defined as the process of shifting/delegating/transferring a service/process/function to a third-parties/external service provider which would otherwise be an in- erect function/service/process.(CyberVi llage.com, Accessed November 2009). Utilising outsourcing can be a crucial advantage to companies such as Dell, Nissan and Cummins. If the companies can source another company to make a component needed for the end crossroad at a price that allows them to lock away have a viable profit margin, then this prevents the need to buy in the equipment and the expertise to do so.3.5 The use of Web 2.0Web 2.0 can be used as a means of selling products to customers and suppliers. This can be split into two categories of selling B2B or B2C. Websites such as eBay and Amazon.com can be used by businesses to sell postulately to customers using a B2C model. Other websites such as nationalrail.co.uk can be used by 3rd company companies to sell train tickets on behalf of many train providers such as VirginTrains and the Eurostar.3.6 Output of developing E-Collaboration for E-BusinessesE-business collaboration allows businesses to have an active role in all aspects of its customer sales and market ing experience, from shopping and product configuration to fulfilment and feedback. Internet-enabled collaboration is creating a fundamental divide in the practice of global business and the management structures that guides it. http//www.industryweek.com/articles/e-business__e-collaboration_674.aspxCollaborated e-businesses pose the risk factor for many managers of organisations who have not adopted the collaboration phenomenon as old strategies do not constitute a sustainable competitive advantage. The managers of e-collaborated businesses are achieving industry advantages by adhering to two main characteristics (1) lowering interaction cost with the use of the internet and (2) they are primarily pore on the part of the value chain where they have a prominent advantage.With the business focused on the prominent advantage of creating an effective train-driven (or customer driven) supply chain, e-collaboration has aided in providing the necessary tools and processes needed to mana ge the large of amount of information being shared throughout the cycle.Cost ReductionsGlobalisationJoint product developmentAnother strategic imperative for collaboration is emerging from a basic transformation in discrete manufacturing. As the build-to-demand model replaces yesterdays build-to-stock paradigm, the ability to collaborate with customers and suppliers at a product engineering level becomes a primary competitive tool. It is a need that has been transforming the product strategies of companies that were once known only for their ability to deliver CAD/CAM solutions.This online collaboration will allow your active participation in all aspects of your customers sales and marketing experience, from shopping and product configuration to fulfilment and feedback. Short-term rewards include reduced costs through process automation and efficiencies. Long-term rewards include increased taxation, greater customer and partner loyalty, and the ability to ca-ca strong sell-side pa rtnerships that help differentiate productsE-business offers the opportunity for businesses to establish new competitive standards by expanding distribution channels, integrating external and internal processes, and offering a cost-efficient method of providing products and services. The Internet provides online businesses with the ability to reach a global audience and to operate with a minimal infrastructure, reducing overhead, and providing greater economies of scale, while providing customers and businesses with a abundant selection, increased pricing power, and unparalleled convenience.Impact On Key Value DriversThese changing economic assumptions within the context of the electronic economy have direct impact on economic value-add for manufacturers. Three primary value levers are exercised through the adoption of e-business. The associated value propositions can be quite compelling and span many of the key dimensions of business performance and success. In this context, e-bu siness is clearly much more than just an electronic sales channel or an MRO procurement alternative, as many have defined it to be. Those who have been willing to adopt an e-business perspective are seeing tangible economic results.15 All of the new tools of collaboration promote a model for manufacturing in which an enterprise is no longer inhibited by size or lack of it. And the collapsing of time and distance means that many of the old rules for corporate structure and strategy are being rewritten. Teresko, J. (2000)Aims ObjectivesTo investigate the available tools to develop e-collaboration for an e-business, in order to achieve a competitive advantage.In order to achieve this aim the following objectives will be metInvestigate the use of e-collaboration for e-businessInvestigate the tools used to collaborate e-businessesAPIEDIExtranetWeb 2.0Understand the use of e-collaboration in small B2B and large B2BExplore the use of e-collaboration for Nissan and Renault and Google and M icrosoftCase StudiesAmazon.com case study?Alliance between companies. For example Microsoft and Google. Are they going to buy out Google or collaborate to provide a better service to their customers?Effect on travel and transport? Retailers being able to provide train propagation from national rail through ADI.AnalysisSuccessful example of E-Collaboration Nissan and RenaultNissan and Renault are one of the most formidable e-collaborations. Beginning in 1999 when Nissan UK was facing financial difficulties, Renault bought out 44.3% of the shares in Nissan. Nissan bought 15% of Renault shares but hold no voting rights. They also created the Renault-Nissan Alliance team, with both parties owning a 50% share. The two companies share their purchasing and information services as shown below. This partnership is successful due to many factors. Nissan are one of the leading petrol car manufacturers and Renault specialise in diesel. The Alliance have together co-developed common engines an d gearboxes. These include a six-speed manual gearbox and a new V6 diesel engine. The Alliance also interchanges existing engines or gearboxes. For example, the Nissan 3.5-litre engine is used in the Renault Laguna and Renault 1.5 litre diesel engine is used in the Nissan Qashqai. In total, the Alliance share eight engines that are commonly used throughout the range of Nissan and Renault cars.Renault originally had no comprise in South America, however from day one of the merger Renault have been able to utilise Nissans plant in Aguascalientes Mexico. Renault now produces the Clio for Mexico and Latin America. The Clio can be produced along side Nissans Platina as they share a similar architecture which drives down production and inventory costs. Nissan and Renault placid however remain distinct recognisable brands which appeals to the customers.Nissan and Renault share their purchasing and information services. Within the RNIS (Renault-Nissan Information Services) the companies s hare a WAN, service providers and hardware. They also share systems e.g. package Visibility System (PVS) that standardises the return of returnable packaging between shared suppliers, thus saving money.OutsourcingDell spend a minimal 1.1% of their annual revenue on research and development, preferring to outsource various components to suppliers they collaborate with. They collaborate rather than compete with companies to provide customers with innovative ideas. This is vastly different to the methodology adopted by HP who invest 4.6%.of their annual revenue in research and developing components. This has previously given Dell the competitive advantage and enabled Dell to dominate the computing device market.Outsourcing can be beneficial to companies who focus on other areas of production rather than research and development of specific components. Companies who outsource may pay a premium for buying in ready made components for their end product however they compensate for that a rea of expenditure by ensuring they produce a very high quality end result that will attract customers.Outsourcing saves production time. If the business and their suppliers can successfully implement JIT (Just in Time) and components are delivered as per demand for the manufacturing line this will drive down product time. The increased number of products being manufactured within the same company in the same plant also increases the possibility of delays in such cases as a mainframe failures and machinery malfunctions. Out of house outsourcing can eliminate such problems. Nissan outsources to both in-house and out of house suppliers. They have improved their logistics by relocating many of their suppliers in-house, saving the time taken to get the components to the line and reduced the cost of transportation.To successfully outsource companies need to have confidence and trust in the suppliers. Nissan for example has implemented SAIS (Supplier Appraisal and Improvement System). Thi s awards the suppliers demerits for mistakes such as parts mislabelled and accuracy percentages for delivery times. This allows Nissan remain in book over its suppliers and with the control reoccurring mistakes can be highlighted so that action can be taken.Nokia have recently published a press release in November 2009 to recall its mobile phone chargers that are produced by a third party supplier. The charger has a fault which can result in an galvanizing shock. This can severely affect the client base of Nokia due to the inefficiencies of their supplier, customers may lose faith in Nokia and question how much of their outsourced components are quality aware by Nokia. Therefore ultimately meaning Nokia lose their competitive advantage in the mobile phone market.EDI and API Nissan Case StudyUtilising EDI for communication between collaborated companies can provide numerous advantages. Sending an electronic message cross-country or globally requires only seconds or minutes instea d of days. It can be hold between the companies for the data to be sent in a certain format that can be instantaneously uploaded on the receiving companys system. Data files can be frequently communicated throughout a day between a company and a supplier via EDI this is advantageous to a company dealing with a fast stock turnover like manufacturing companies.The sending and receiving of information electronically can be of great benefit to a supplier too. The suppliers of NMUK (Nissan Manufacturing UK) will receive much earlier notification of NMUKs delivery requirements. This can be used by the supplier to enable them to minimise their inventory holding, improve their production scheduling and correct in advance for logistics collections if necessary.NMUK also use EDI transmissions for the Self-Invoicing System. The objective is to have all suppliers who receive orders from Nissan by EDI to also be active for self-invoicing. This is saving Nissan money as they are not physically sending out the invoices. It is also reducing the possible errors caused by manual intervention may have when data unavoidably to be input from one system onto another.BibliographyThe effectiveness of using e-collaboration tools in the supply chainan assessment study with system dynamicsOscar Rubiano Ovallea, Adolfo Crespo Marquezb,*a Escuela de Ing. industrial y Estadstica, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombiab Industrial Management, School of Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, SpainReceived 1 February 2002 received in revised form 21 October 2002 accepted 18 January 2003Goonatilake, R. Herath, S., Hearth, A., Tyska C.K. (2009) E-collaboration issues in global trade, transactions and pratices, European Journal of Scientific Research, 34 (3), p.326 Online. Available at http//www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_34_3_04.pdf (Accessed 02 December 2009).Samtani, G. (2002) B2B Integration A practical guide to collaborative E-commerce. London. Imperial College Press.IPC E-Business Su pply chain committee(2000) The myths of E-commerce. An IPC White Paper Report p.5. Open Access online Available at http//www.ipc.org/4.0_Knowledge/4.1_Standards/E-CommerceWhitePaper.pdf (see page 5) (Accessed 29 November 2009).Teresko, J. (2000) Internet tools allow manufactures to join forces to enhance individual strenghts, Industry Weekly, 12 June Online Available at http//www.industryweek.com/articles/e-business__e-collaboration_674.aspx (Accessed 29 November 2009).Wanga, Y. (Unknown) A literature review. p.3, Open Access online Available at http//conference.iproms.org/sites/conference.iproms.org/files/PID172674.pdf (Accessed 27 November 2009).

Analysis of Employee Treatment in MNCs in Malaysia

Analysis of Employee Treatment in MNCs in Malaysia jibe to The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008), a planetary lodge as well as c all in alled as transnational enterprise (MNE) or transactional corporation (TNC) it is a corporation business enterprise with manufacturing, sales, or service subsidiaries in 1 or more outside(prenominal) countries. It rouse also be referred to as an international corporation. anyhow that, Mohamed A. Youssef (2004) said that international companies argon firms that engages in foreign occupy enthronization and owns or pick ups value-adding activities in more than adept country. The study of transnational companies is relevant to the major theme of changing national business systems in 2 important ways. Firstly, multinational companies reflect the strengths and weaknesses of their own country. Second, multinational companies work in at least two different national business systems, in their infrastructure and host countries (Maurits van Os, Gerarda Westerhuis, Onno de Wit, 2003).The Multinational companies argon a powerful vehicle for the transfer of not further the capital and other production functions but also managerial and technical familiarity across nations (Limerick, 2004). Based on Bartletts (2003) research, the multinational corporations account for 40% of the worlds manufacturing output and almost a quarter of the world occupation. close to 85% of the worlds automobiles, 70% of computer and 65% of soft take ins argon produced and commercialiseed by multinational corporations. During the last two decades, m either smaller corporations also become multinational, virtually of them in create nations (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008). This often takingss in very powerful corporations that brace budgets that exceed some nationals GDP and multinational corporations play an important office in international relations and globalisation (Multimedia Corporation, 2009).In Bartlett (2003) research shows that in 19 73, the United Nations define the multinational corporation as an enterprise which control assets, factories, mines, sales offices and the like in two or more countries. The first qualification required a multinational corporation to have substantial locate investment in foreign countries and not just an merchandise business. The second requisite for a true multinational corporation would be a smart set that engaged in the active management of these offshore assets rather than simply holding them in a passive financial portfolio.Overview of Multinational Companies in MalaysiaMalaysia ranks as among the worlds top 20 attractive countries for foreign conduce investment, according to the World Investment Prospects Survey 2007-2009. Among the Southeast Asian countries, Malaysia was the third favourite foreign manage investment location, just after the Vietnam and Thailand (Rajeswari Raman, 2008).Historically, multinational corporations in Malaysian manufacturing were concentrated in import substitution production in areas such as foods and beverages, chemicals and pharmaceutical. Their engagement in export production was limited to some processing activities linked to primary feather product sectors. In 1970s, in that respect was a dramatic transformation in the product structure of multinational corporations portionicipation. From about the mid-1980s, production for the domestic market has become secondary to victimization Malaysia as a base for manufacturing for the global market (Multinational Enterprises, Employment and Real Wages in Malaysian Manufacturing, 2005).According to Halims (2000) study, foreign direct investment has always been a major factor in break downing Malaysias industrial sector. The promoting of the presence of the multinational corporations in Malaysia is to provide domestic firms with access to advanced technologies through subcontracting, the creation of spin-off firms, OEM and training activities. The Malaysian giving medica tion encourages direct foreign investment, fussyly in export oriented manufacturing and high-tech industries, but it has discretionary authority over individual investments. Malaysia has a stated insurance policy of not promoting low value-added and turn over-industries, preferring quality investments. A foreign company or a multinational corporation can conduct business in Malaysia through linguistic context up a representative office, registering a branch office, setting up a joint venture company or granting patent licenses and franchising. General policy limits foreign equity to minority 30 percent shares, but 100 percent foreign ownership in manufacturing is permitted in certain instances for export-oriented industries (www.a times.com). According to hear of multinational companies in Malaysia (2009), on that point are 37 major industry sectors covered in the foreign companies in Malaysia which areAcademic food drink petrochemicalsAccountancy government pharmaceuticals/m edicalAgri conclusion/environmental individual printing/paperAviation/defence insurance real estate/propertyBanking/ pay IT/computers/software retailChemicals legal servicesChemicals/petrochemicals machinery/equipment telecoms/communicationsConstruction/engineering manufacturing textilesConsultancy media tourism/travel/leisureConsultancy right-hand(a)s motor industry transportElectronics/electrical oil gasEnergy/utilities packagingMultinational corporations from more than 60 countries have invested in over 3,000 companies in Malaysias manufacturing sector, currently 1052 regional fundamental laws were approved, which included 67 operative headquarters, 182 international procurement centres, 29 regional distribution centres, 579 representative offices and 195 regional offices. The main sources of foreign investment were from USA, Germany and Japan (Rajeswari Raman, 2008).Manufacturing in force(p)s, mainly products from the electronics and electrical (E E) industries make up the Malaysias largest body of exports. However, most manufactured exports were produced by foreign firms in Malaysia. For example, the electronics industry which contributes more than half the exports of manufactured well-behaveds comprised mostly foreign owned multinationals (Abd Halim, 2000).Based on Rajeswari Raman (2008) research, the major factor that has attracted investors to invest in Malaysia is the governments commitment to maintain a business environment that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits. The government having the regular government-private sector dialogues and these allow the discordant business communities to air their views and to contribute toward the formulation of government policies which concern them.Besides, the Malaysian government offers multinational corporations a range of incentives designed to encourage the establishment of subsidiaries that are regarded as especially advantageous. The incentives primarily entail taxation allowances and more liberal ownership rights for investments (1) in particular industries like the manufacturing and high technology, (2) in particular geographic locations such as the Multinational Super Corridor or the Eastern Corridor, (3) offer significant learning opportunities such as from research and knowledge and have particular strategic roles like the operational headquarters and international procurement centres (Southeast Asia, A New Era in Asian Shipping,2005).By the mid-1980s, there was a development conviction among the Malaysian policy circles that certain elements of the ethnicity-based affirmative action policy of the NEP were inconsistent with the national economic goal of achieving greater integrating of the Malaysian sparing with the global economy. These policy inconsistencies were redressed and further incentives for foreign investors were introduced under the promotion of Investment Act passed in 1986 (Multinational Enterprises, Employment and Real Wag es in Malaysian Manufacturing, 2005).The change magnitude arcs of outsourcing of core as well as non-core activities by large multinational corporations have open greater investment opportunities in the provision of support services. Malaysia continues to wonder healthy surplus in the external trade, low unemployment as well as strong international reserves and high national savings (Rajeswari Raman, 2008). According to Rajeswari Raman (2008), the private sector in Malaysia has become partners with the mankind sector in achieving the nations development objectives.JustificationBased on Jaime Bonache (2005) finding, job satisfaction is usually defined as an affective or emotional response toward ones job. A better salary, for an identical level effort, pass on determine the decision to quit and a higher(prenominal) level of satisfaction. To expect more and active contributions from the staff members to the company, satisfaction will become the natural choice. Furthermore, regard ing the reason for demission, the American company attributes it to the culture and the Japanese company thinks that the most important reasons for demission are disappointment on wel deportation and the work satisfaction. Both American company and the Japanese company recognize that the requirement of employees should be fully concerned. The welfare, working environment, job satisfaction, and the self-realization are the three factors that motivate the staff. Sonal Shukla (2009) found out that appreciation and recognition are more important and important than a financial pay raise or a position promotion. It is important for providing the satisfactory welfare package in the company, learn and try to run the employees requirement, create chance for self-reformation and wide space for self-development to the employee in the company because the welfare, individual career development, and the company brand are the three attractive aspects. (Yuanqiang Zhou, florilegium Lu, Bo Jiang, 2005).Besides that, according to Jaime Bonache (2005), a person can be relatively satisfied with the absolute monetary rewards he or she received and dissatisfied with how they fare relative to others, or with other aspects of his or her job. Job satisfaction will not be understood as a unitary concept, but as an affective or emotional response toward various facets of ones job, and in which processes of social comparison take place.Furthermore, Jaime Bonache (2005) lodge that satisfaction results from ones perception that work outcomes, relative to the inputs, compares favourably with a significant others outcomes and inputs. We can identify the referent used in the individuals comparisons by analyzing tidy sums satisfaction with their salary.Through Sonal Shukla (2009) research, it is accepted that a satisfied, secure and happy employee during times of a nook, gives back much more to the organization in terms of loyalty and performance.A low level of salary satisfaction is a ve ry common problem among all types of employees. It is well known that employees on international assignments are particularly costly for most organizations (Jaime Bonache, 2005). According to John Stredwick (2000), the pay mustiness become more variable instead of a wage or salary being a fixed amount each week, month or year. A growing proportion should become contingent upon performance. Performance can be measured on an individual basis, often called performance link up pay, or through the team based pay, gain sharing or the profit related pay. In addition, there must have the final change for the fundamental pay itself, which also need to become more flexible. The 1st thing that needs to be changed is in how levels of basic pay have been determined. In the public sector and in many large private concerns, basic pay levels used to be subject to national negotiations between a collection of unions and officials from the trade association or government body.Furthermore, accordi ng to John Stredwick (2000), the reward issues need to play a major part to produce a high-performance people machine, focused on organizational objectives. Many schemes of performance related pay have a built in dispute because they have been devised to reward the achievements of individuals fleck other parts of the humankind resource policy puts great emphasis on realizeing up team working skills and practice.To release the company from the conflict, there must be a reward strategy in place. It must be derived from and contribute to bodied strategy and be based on corporate values and beliefs. A further development in reward strategy is related to the development of competencies. Organizations have identified specific competencies which can differentiate them from their competitors. So, rewards must contingent upon circumstances and performance (John Stredwick, 2000).Problem statementsNowadays, the economic down spin has given a lot of impacts to each companies and organizati ons, especially the multinational corporations because they have a lot of transnational companies in each country. No one can run away from this economic down turn and each countrys exports and imports have change magnitude dramatically in 2009. Malaysia also suffered in this financial crisis and the Malaysia government has tried their best to cushion the economic. Organizations also cut down the employee welfare to lower their periodic expenses. The Watson Wyatt survey shows that 61% of employers expect their current financial performances to remain poor at least until the end of 2009. About half said they plan to increase their cost-cutting actions in 2009 and beyond (Sarah, 2009). In view of recession, additional financial measures for welfare whitethorn not be possible. According to Sonal Shukla (2009), recession changed the work of work culture where cost-cutting plays a predominant part. The first affected are the employee welfare. All the luxuries enjoyed by the employees a re either chastens or may come to a standstill.Furthermore, although the rewards system can motivate the employees to perform well and become the companys core combative advantage, some of the organizations seldom provide the rewards system in their organizations. The employees will only get the incentive or incentives once or twice a year but this is quite hard to motivate the employees. Most of the Asian companies still experience double-digit spontaneous turnover rate like the India (13.8 percent) and China (10.3 percent). An organizations ability to retain talent is a challenge lining all companies. This provides challenges to be more innovative in retaining the top people in the organizations with a tighter budget during the recession time (Salary Increases Decline in Asia Pacific after One Year of Economic Turmoil, Hewitt one-year Salary Increase Study Reports, 2009).Besides that, organizations in Malaysia rarely provide the self-improvement and the self-development envir onment for the employees. The employees will broken their aspirations towards the organizations because they will feel that they cannot have any improvement in the organizations and they will resign the job. Employees will feel that the organizations are not pay attention to their basic needs and the organizations will also lost the high productivity workers and the turnover rate will be very high. This issue will become more serious during the economic downturn. According to Sarah (2009), during the recession time, most of the employers will intend to save the money by freezing salaries, reducing workweeks and eliminating the training programs and 18% intend to reduce or eliminate breeding reimbursement and subsidized other financial perks.Lastly, the basic pay, or the salaries for the employees are very low amongst each companies. The fresh graduate with a bachelors degree can only command a basic salary ranging from RM1, 600 to RM3, 500, with a median of Rm2, 000 per month (Bet ty Yeoh, 2009). This issue becomes more serious after the world is having the economic down turn and the economic in each country are still very unstable. However, the low basic pay cannot match with the real life that the employees are facing with. 2009 the actual salary increase rate went down by 4 percent and 8 percent respectively and over 60 percent of responding companies memory wages constant (Salary Increases Decline in Asia Pacific after One Year of Economic Turmoil, Hewitt Annual Salary Increase Study Reports, 2009). Now all the products prices increase the total expenses of each month become bigger and bigger but the salary still remains unchanged. The low basic pay will demotivate the employees and the productivity will also become very low. In short run, the low basic pay may cut down the total operate expenses of the organizations but in long run, the quality of the products will decrease and the organizations need spend more money to increase their production.Based on the above scenarios, there is an urgent need for a deep controvertion on the following problemThe cutting down of the welfares towards the employees in multinational companiesThe cutting down of the self-development and self-improvement activities in multinational companiesThe absence of the attractiveness of the incentives and bonus in multinational companiesThe low basic pay in the multinational companiesResearch ObjectivesThere are three main objectives in this study, which areTo finish the adoption of compensations and benefits in the multinational corporations.A well designed and managed compensations system can change the employees deportment and their passion in their works, in order to improve their performance and productivity. The compensations may become a very decisive in supporting managers to achieving the organizations goal. Furthermore, a good compensation system may also develop a positive organizational culture. It may influence the degree to which the employ ees view the organization is having the human resource-oriented, result based oriented and so on. Consequently, compensations not only influence on individual, but also affect the whole organization as a result.To date the satisfaction towards compensations in the multinational companies will affect the performance.Compensations can be considered as the best ways to ensure performance at the individual level. The employees may perform well when they get the high job satisfactions from the compensations. However, there are some arguments that indicate that the compensations may not be able to assist the workers to stir their performance, and it may also hold in to a negative organizational climate, which needs to use the compensations to motivate the workers and the absence of commitment to organizational objectives.To examine the satisfaction towards the benefits in the multinational companies will affect the performance.The main purpose for having the benefits is to motivate wor kers to perform better well. It plays a critical role in affecting individual performance. It is critical to make sure that the benefits systems are effective in motivating individual performance as the increasing of importance of this systems in achieving organizations goal.Organization of PaperChapter one addresses the overview of multinational companies, the overview of multinational companies in Malaysia, the research problems, the objectives and the significance of the study. From the overviews, we will have the brief idea on what are multinational companies and the multinational companies in Malaysia. Besides that, from the research problems, we will notice that what exactly happened around the world and we will understand what other researchers have found out from the significance of the study. Furthermore, form the objectives this part can know the main purposes to have this research.In chapter two will reviews issues that related on the compensations and the multinational c orporations literature. The role of the multinational companies, the conflict amongst the multinational companies and the labour union in Malaysia will be reviews in Chapter 2. Furthermore, Chapter 2 will also explain what are compensations and benefits towards the employees, the types of compensations and benefits, the importance to have the compensations and benefits.In chapter three, will discuss the research method and the theoretical framework of the study. Chapter three also will present the development of the hypothesis to further describe the relationships between the in reliant variables and the dependent variables. Besides that, Chapter three will also include the questionnaire that used in this study.In chapter four, will discuss the results of the statistical analysis of the data and the hypothesis tested. We involve to know that the results will match with the finding from other researchers.Lastly, chapter five will have a comprehensive discussion on the finding of thi s study, the limitations, recommendations and suggestions for future research.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIntroductionIn this chapter, author presents the literature background on the multinational companies, the compensations and the benefits to the employees. Author will discuss the role of the multinational companies in Malaysia and their force and the conflict amongst the multinational companies with employees.As noted in chapter one, the performance can be generally affected by the basic pay, performance related pay, the welfare, the employees development and the reward system (Jaime Bonache 2005 Sonal Shukla 2009 Yuanqing Zhou, Lei Lu, Bo Jiang, 2005 John Stredwick 2000). Therefore, in this chapter, relevant study background will be study to understand the types of the compensations and the benefits, and the importance to have the compensations and benefits.As workers or the employees are the manpower of the company, there is a need to examine what will motivate the workers or the employees to perform better by using the compensations and the benefits package. Additionally, employers need to identify which plan will be more suitable and preferable in motivating a certain performance.Foreign direct investment (FDI) represents one component of the international business flow and includes start-ups of new operations, as well as purchases of existing companies. Firms will choose to become multinational to reduce the direct and indirect costs, to reduce the capital costs, to reduce taxes, to reduce logistics costs, to overcome tariff barriers, to provide better customer service, to spread foreign supervene upon risks, to build alternative supply sources, to pre-empt potential competitors, to learn from local suppliers, and to attract talent globally (Zubair M. Mohamed, Mohamed A. Youssef, 2004).According to Zubair M. Mohamed and Mohamed A. Youssef (2004), there are six strategic roles for foreign factories of multinational companies, they are off-shore factor y, source factory, server factory, contributor factory, output factory, and the lead factory. An off-shore factory is established to produce specific items at a low-cost and then export for further rework or for resale. For the source factory, is also a low-cost production but gives local managers authority over production planning, redesign, process changes, and out-bound logistics. The primary purpose of the server factory supplies specific national or regional markets. It typically provides a way to overcome tariff barriers, logistics costs, and exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations. Furthermore, a contributor factory also serves a national or regional market, as developed as a source factory, has more powers to develop products, process engineering, sources of supply, and development of production capabilities. Besides that, an output factorys primary role is to collect information. They are located where competitors, research laboratories, or customers are located. Lastly, a lead factory creates new processes, products, and technologies for entire company. It should be noted that the choice of the factory not only influences the location, but also the operating decisions of the facility.The shorter product life cycles, garbled and saturated markets, more demanding customers, consolidation and mergers of companies, and rapid advances in processes and technology always present a dynamic competitive situation. A firm need to do the decisions related to international locations, production strategy, and operations strategy when they decides to become an multinational companies (Zubair M. Mohamed, Mohamed A. Youssef, 2004).heFrom the list of multinational companies in Malaysia (2009), there have 1690 multinational companies in Malaysia.The component of Multinational CompaniesMultinational corporations have played an important role in globalization. Countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against one another for the establishment of mult inational corporations facilities, and the subsequent tax revenue, employment, and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer incentives to multinational corporations such as tax breaks, pledges of governmental assistance or improved infrastructure, or lax environmental and labour standards enforcement (Multimedia Corporation, 2009).In the fifty year from 1950 to 2000 world trade grew by a remarkable 1,700 percent. There is an extraordinary growth in both trade and international investment leading directly to a remarkable growth in living standards, not just in developed, industrialized world but also in many developing countries when there is a period of remarkable openness in the international economy (John Browne, 2002). Multinational companies expected to help develop the region where they operate by hiring local employees, providing training programs, sourcing locally and consequently supporting the local economy (Juliette Bennett , 2002).In addition, Juliette Bennett (2002) said that multinational organizations are increasingly drawing the private sector into the global initiative against corruption in order to encourage good governance and conflict prevention. When US multinational companies invest abroad, they usually introduce their management practices, along with production technology, into less developed countries (Daniel A. Sauers, Steven C.H. Lin, Jeff Kennedy, Jana Schrenkler, 2009).Besides that, according to Juliette Bennett (2002), good corporate governance at home and abroad, promoting economic inclusiveness and community goodwill and it are very important elements of international security. The intercourse between the business and the government for the sharing skills and expertise can be valuable in promoting regional and global stability. Of course the multinational companies cannot and should not replace governments as the primary actors in international peacekeeping. However, multinational c orporations working in partnerships with government and the civil society can use their business skills and financial leverage to promote regional stability.Furthermore, the multinational companies are a powerful vehicle for the transfer of not only the capital and other production functions but also managerial and technical knowledge across nations (Wenchuan Liu, 2004). Corporations have an interest in leveraging their skills and impact to promote stability in their areas of operation. All the multinational companies should bear some responsibility for the cause of their operations on the local environment and population (Juliette Bennett 2002). There are a lot of constructive engagements drives by the multinational corporations. For examples, the use of solar cater equipment to such as refrigerators which can store vital medicines in remote areas and the support for the creation of civil society in countries damaged by conflict and violence. There is a commitment from the multin ational corporations to diversity founded not on quotas but based on the ability. Merit becomes the guiding factor which influences the multinational corporations get on to people everywhere (John Browne, 2002).Lastly, according to Juliette Bennett (2002), multinational companies can contribute to crisis management in conflict zones through commercial or philanthropic support for do-gooder relief and responsible management of security arrangements for the companys operations, thereby minimizing the risks of human rights abuses. Many cross-sector partnerships promote international security and explore conflict prevention, crisis management and post-conflict reconstruction strategies that address the three principal causes of conflict corruption, poverty and social inequality.However, there is a strongly argued view that in the poorer countries of the world the role of multinationals is exploitative, environmentally damaging, and hostile to human rights and democracy, and divisive, destroying established communities. It distorts the process of development against the interests of local communities. It challenges protected niches, and established patterns of activity. It is disruptive and in places where the adjustment mechanisms are imperfect of nonexistent it produces casualties (John Browne, 2002). Besides that, according to Juliette Bennett (2002), globalization creates poverty and inequality, which in turn create the motive for much violence. Juliette Bennett further explained that the private sector is turn more public-minded, while the public sector is becoming more business-minded.The Influence of Multinational CompaniesAccording to Maral Muratbekova-Touron (2008), globalization processes during the past decades has led to the development of the large multinational companies expanding their activities across countries and continents. One of the main issues facing the development of the global companies has always been to find the right balance between the local autonomy between subsidiaries and the control of the corporate headquarters.Compared with domestic firms, the operation of multinational companies foreign subsidiary is complicated by the existence of the dual imperatives to serve both the needs of the parent company, and possibly of other sister subsidiaries (Riliang Qu, 2007). According to Zubair M. Mohamed and Mohamed A. Youssef (2004), the growing trend among multinational companies is to leverage organizational practices across their international subsidiaries in order to improve the worldwide use of their organizational skills as an important source of competitive advantage. Traditional thinking assumed that corporate head quarters of multinational companies are responsible for the decisions concerning the roles and the capabilities of the foreign subsidiaries. However in recent reach showed that in some circumstances the management at multinational companies foreign subsidiaries are responsible for defining the stra tegies and objectives of their subsidiaries, within the constraints set for their operation (Riliang Qu, 2007). According to Daniel A. Sauers, Steven C.H. Lin, Jeff Kennedy, Jana Schrenkler (2009), Multinational companies set about the problems relate to the cultural differences. Thus, subsidiaries and joint ventures face conflicting pressures from the parent firm and the local environment. The subsidiaries of multinational companies face pressures for both local adaptation and global integration when they operate in foreign countries.Furthermore, Riliang Qu (2007) has classified subsidiaries roles within the intra-firm organisational networks of multinational companies into four categories, which are receptive, active, autonomous and quiescent subsidiaries.Receptive types of subsidiaries are highly integrated into the multinational companies network of operation and are given relatively little power in making their own decisions in relation to the local markets they serve. For the autonomous subsidiaries, are much less integrated to the multinational companies network operation and have a lot of autonomy powers. The following type is the quiescent type of subsidiaries,

Language Learning Is A Complex Process English Language Essay

Language Learning Is A Complex Process English Language EssaySpielberger defined as the inherent feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness and worry associated with an arousal of the autonomic nervous system. It is a psychological and physical response to a holy terror to certain values which the individual holds as essential to his existence (May, 1977). Foreign spoken language classes is perceived by many students as more dread provoking than other classes (Horwitz et al., 1986). Although some past tense researches suggested that foreign language anxiety may be facilitating (Chastain, 1975 Kleinmann, 1977), recent studies have proved that its effect is more debilitating to the language learning process (e.g. Philips, 1992 Aida, 1994 Donley, 1997 Von Wrde, 1998 Ando, 1999). In addition, MacIntyre and Gardner (1991) states that anxiety is really problematic to foreign language learners since it hinders the acquisition, retention and production of the new language.Foreign la nguage anxiety (FLA) is a new boundary coined by Horwitz et al. (1986). It is a specific display case of anxiety considerd by learners of foreign and second language learners. It is the feeling of stress and nervousness which affect non-native speakers darn studying a foreign or second language. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope (1986) define FLA as a complex phenomenon which consists of self-perceptions, beliefs, feeling, and behaviours related to classroom language learning arising from the singularity of the language learning process. Young (1992) defined it as a complex psychological phenomenon specific to language learning. A more habitual definition of FLA disposed by MacIntyre and Gardner (1994) describes it as a type of situation-specific anxiety in speaking, listening, and learning that is experienced by learners in the context of second or foreign language learning. Moreover, MacIntyre (1995) pointed that anxiety may facilitate or debilitate the learners academic performanc e. According to Spielberger et al (2005) FLA is the fearfulness that a person feels when using a second or foreign language in which he is not proficient. He describes it as the tendency of the individual to react nervously when using the second language in the different linguistics skills, (i.e. speaking, listening, reading and writing). Since then researchers have produced a considerable number of studies to prove that it is not merely an abstract issue, but a public for foreign language students (e.g., Casado Dereshiwsky, 2001 Coryell Clark, 2009 Kosti-Bobanovi, 2009 Liu, 2006 Liu Jackson, 2008 MacIntyre Gardner, 1994a Tallon, 2009 Von Wrde, 2003).According to Horwitz et al (1986) the main causes of foreign language anxiety to communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test anxiety. conference apprehension prevents the learner to develop communication skills in the target language. Likewise, fear of negative evaluation is the learners feeling that the teac her and other classmates may negatively valuate their language ability (Horwitz et al. 1986). According to Horwitz et al (1986), test anxiety is related to the performance of the learner. He considers the task or test as a threat instead of an opportunity to improve his language skills (Drney, 2001).Horwitz et al (1986) pioneered the first instrument to measure the foreign language anxiety named as the Foreign Language schoolroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). Since then, various studies have been conducted to define the relationship between foreign language anxiety and performance of learners. There is a general correspondence that FLA has a negative effect on the language learning process and performance (Horwitz et al., 1986 MacIntyre Gardner, 1991 Phillips, 1992 Young, 1991). Horwitz (2000) further adds, countless language learners and teachers across the world identify with the experience of foreign language anxiety, and the potential of anxiety to interfere with learning and perfo rmance is one of the most accepted phenomena in psychology and education. There is a general agreement among researchers that there is a consistent moderate negative correlation between FLA and learners performance (Aida, 1994 Horwitz et al., 1986 MacIntyre Gardner, 1991 Phillips, 1992 Saito Samimy, 1996 Coulombe , 2000 Kim , 1998).Foreign language speaking anxiety (FLSA) is specific type of anxiety which prevents the learner to communicate in the target language. Horwitz et al. (1986) suggested that FLA frequently occurs also in speaking in the form of a shyness characterized by fear of communicating in the foreign language. Tsiplakides and Keramida (2009) concluded that FLSA has a negative influence on students performance and they also proved that a decrease in anxiety automatically causes an increase in students motivation and hence performance is enhanced. However there are very few studies conducted to explore the reality FLSA and determine its bushel on the learning proces s from the students perspective.

Big Mamas Funeral :: Mama Funeral

good-looking Mamas Funeral   Gabriel García Márquez tosh, Big Mamas Funeral, is a story filled with fantastical scenes and events much in line with sham Quixote and Candide. The introductory paragraphs of Big Mamas Funeral and Candide sound so similar in voice the two authors could be mistaken for the same. In Candide, one finds a serial publication of episodes that are so far from the truth and yet perfectly explainable. The story of the fate of Dr. Pangloss, the remainder and resurrection of Cunegund and of her Jesuitical brother, and the story of the old woman with one brass are farcical in the same way as the episodes in Big Mamas Funeral. In Don Quixote, we find a man, for the most part average, who wishes to flex a knight-errant. In his quest is as series of happenings so ridiculous they are nothing succinct of tabloid-style sensationalism, or drug induced hallucinations. In Big Mamas Funeral, we are told the story of the death and funeral of Big M ama. In the events of her life and the days proceeding and proceeding her death we find events and stories of the past that are truly fantastical. In the annals of her past we find that in her family the uncles married the daughters of their nieces, and the cousins married their aunts, and the brothers their sisters-in-law, until an intricate mesh of consanguinity was formed. Here, García Márquez takes the simple act of incestuous relationships, which do occur, and elevates them to an extreme level. This is the writing style of García Márquez and the two aforementioned writers, Cervantes and Voltaire.Big Mamas Funeral Mama Funeral Big Mamas Funeral   Gabriel García Márquez story, Big Mamas Funeral, is a story filled with fantastical scenes and events much in line with Don Quixote and Candide. The introductory paragraphs of Big Mamas Funeral and Candide sound so similar in voice the two authors could be mistaken for the same. In Candide , one finds a series of episodes that are so far from the truth and yet perfectly explainable. The story of the fate of Dr. Pangloss, the death and resurrection of Cunegund and of her Jesuit brother, and the story of the old woman with one buttock are farcical in the same way as the episodes in Big Mamas Funeral. In Don Quixote, we find a man, for the most part average, who wishes to become a knight-errant. In his quest is as series of happenings so ridiculous they are nothing short of tabloid-style sensationalism, or drug induced hallucinations. In Big Mamas Funeral, we are told the story of the death and funeral of Big Mama. In the events of her life and the days proceeding and proceeding her death we find events and stories of the past that are truly fantastical. In the annals of her past we find that in her family the uncles married the daughters of their nieces, and the cousins married their aunts, and the brothers their sisters-in-law, until an intricate mesh of consanguinity was formed. Here, García Márquez takes the simple act of incestuous relationships, which do occur, and elevates them to an extreme level. This is the writing style of García Márquez and the two aforementioned writers, Cervantes and Voltaire.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A DOLLS HOUSEBelieve it or not coin is a big intimacy in a couples relationship. One of the themes in the play, A Dolls House, was ab extinct coin. In the play, money had a lot to do with the breaking of a relationship. The relationship was between Nora and Torvald a married couple. Their was a big thing that had to do with money that I will be discussing later in this essay.On page 5, Torvald is asking the question, What are little people called that are eer wasting money? Nora consequently answers, Spendthrifts. Nora by no means I think was truly a spendthrift. She was only given enough money by her husband at each given time to get only what she needed. She couldnt go and get what she really wanted. She had to go emerge and get the necessities a family needed manage clothes. Im not saying she didnt want to go out and spend money. Mostly only the men worked in this time period so its not like it was easy to get extra money. Torvald was the man of the family. The man of the family was mostly the sole income of the family. He didnt like wasting or expenditure money. He really cared about money and invested it in the right ways. He was so happy when he found out he was getting a promotion for a better job and salary with the bank. That meant a better appearance and a lot more money. He thought everything was going to be perfect.Nora had a secret that whole play that Torvald didnt know about. Nora saved his life by taking him out on a long vacation away from everything so he could clear his mind at a very bad time. She told Torvald the money really came from her Papa. The money really came from a lend she took out from Kogstad that was forged. Krogstad was a former bank employee and long friend of Torvalds. Torvald was very angry when he first found out of this because he was scared of his appearance, besides when Krogstad met a old girl friend of his he didnt worry about the loan.Henrik Isbens A Dolls House A Dolls House Essays A DOLLS HOUSEBelieve it or not money is a big thing in a couples relationship. One of the themes in the play, A Dolls House, was about money. In the play, money had a lot to do with the breaking of a relationship. The relationship was between Nora and Torvald a married couple. Their was a big thing that had to do with money that I will be discussing later in this essay.On page 5, Torvald is asking the question, What are little people called that are always wasting money? Nora then answers, Spendthrifts. Nora by no means I think was truly a spendthrift. She was only given enough money by her husband at any given time to get only what she needed. She couldnt go and get what she really wanted. She had to go out and get the necessities a family needed like clothes. Im not saying she didnt want to go out and spend money. Mostly only the men worked in this time period so its not like it was easy to get extra money. Torvald was the man of the family. The man of the family was mostly the sole income of the fam ily. He didnt like wasting or spending money. He really cared about money and invested it in the right ways. He was so happy when he found out he was getting a promotion for a better job and salary with the bank. That meant a better appearance and a lot more money. He thought everything was going to be perfect.Nora had a secret that whole play that Torvald didnt know about. Nora saved his life by taking him out on a long vacation away from everything so he could clear his mind at a very bad time. She told Torvald the money really came from her Papa. The money really came from a loan she took out from Kogstad that was forged. Krogstad was a former bank employee and long friend of Torvalds. Torvald was very angry when he first found out of this because he was scared of his appearance, but when Krogstad met a old girl friend of his he didnt worry about the loan.

An Explanation of Haunting Thoughts in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 670 Essays

An Explanation of Haunting Thoughts in Emily Dickinsons Poem 670Poem 670 is about the upcountry workings of your mind. The beginning of this poem addresses everyone. She does that by saying, One need not be a Chamber....One need not be a House. This is saying whether you ar small like a chamber or big like a house you leave alone be haunted in your mind. The phenomenon of haunting thoughts, in your brain, exceed anything externally at that meaning. Your mind becomes totally focused on the inner dealings that external people or actions are perceived as ghosts. It is literally an internal takeover of your senses. Anything external from there becomes warped and then a part of the haunting in the tunnels or corridors of your mind. We all know this as being scared or getting spooked. In life weve all been spooked Regardless of our upbringing and/or size, we have all been caught jumping at that brave out moment. Why is this? Emily Dickinson addresses this in her poem. She says whether you are a small chamber room or a large house you will be haunted. The haunting comes from within...the corridors of your brain. When we seat in a movie, attend a haunted house, sitting in the dark, or just sleeping, our minds shift into creative mode. Stop and think for a moment about those times you have been spooked...okay times up Its that moment your blood reaches a fast pumping pace, and you think you are about to jump out of your seat. all in all of this is created by the mental images you have formed regarding what your visual and aural senses have taken in as unknown or uncertain. Your adrenaline is pumping and you start to query what will happen next. Will the killer come from behind the door, under the bed, out of the bathroom? You start to anticipate the outcome and think you have count on out the next move, and then the storyteller brings the killer in from a totally different direction. We all know that there is nothing better than the tactual sensation of adrenal ine pumping through every corridor of your body. This reaction is not a result based on our surroundings in fact, quite the opposite. Dickinson says that our inner thoughts surpass real(a) Place. The spook is a direct reflection of how creative we let our brains become. Weaving together sections of complete thought to create other ideas, leaves us wondering what will be next.

Electronics :: essays research papers

Microsoft® banter attestor 97, the newest member of the banter dish family, is a freeware crossway that allows you to view and print Microsoft intelligence service 97 documents. Like previous versions of intelligence operation Viewer, the latest version can also open documents created with all previous versions of Word for Windows and version 4.x and above of Microsoft Word for Macintosh®. You cannot edit an open document in Word Viewer 97. However, if you have Word 97 installed, Word Viewer can open the document in Word. You can also copy text to the Clipboard to paste it in other applications. Microsoft encourages you to distribute Word Viewer 97 along with your Word 97 documents to people who do not have Microsoft Word 97.What&8217s New in Microsoft Word Viewer 97Microsoft Word Viewer 97 is optimized for displaying Word documents inside Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x and above. If you have Netscape Navigator 2.x or above, Word Viewer Setup will install a plug-in tha t allows Word Viewer 97 to display documents inside the Navigator window. Word Viewer 97 includes the following, market-leading Microsoft Word 97 features&61623 Online Layout View for easy reading of online documents, including those with desktop colors and textures&61623 Document Map for point-and-click navigation through longer documents&61623 Hyperlink navigation to open any hyperlink in a document with your installed browserSystem Requirements for Word Viewer 97&61623 A personal computer with a 486 or higher processor&61623 Microsoft Windows® 95 operating clay or Microsoft Windows NT® Workstation operating system 3.51 or later&61623 4 MB of memory for Windows 95 (8 MB recommended)&61623 12 MB of memory for Windows NT Workstation&61623 7 MB of hard disk lay (9 MB free for installation only)&61623 VGA or higher-resolution video adapter&61623 Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing deviceOrdering Microsoft Word 97If you would like to effectuate the retail version of Micros oft Word 97, contact the Microsoft Order Desk at (800) 360&82117561 in the U.S., visit the Microsoft Online Shop, or contact your local Microsoft subsidiary. To locate your subsidiary, see the Microsoft World liberal Offices Web site athttp//www.microsoft.com/worldwide/default.htm ContentsTo jump directly to any topic, click its page number in the table of contents below.Microsoft Word Viewer 97 for Windows 95 and Windows NT1What&8217s New in Microsoft Word Viewer 971System Requirements for Word Viewer 971Ordering Microsoft Word 972Contents2Technical Support for Microsoft Word Viewer 974Microsoft Knowledge tooshie4The World Wide Web4TechNet4Microsoft FTP Site4Microsoft FastTips5Information on using Microsoft Word Viewer 975